omenti

a most remarkable instrument

minipost

Let your spectrum analyzer listen to  middle C on a piano and take a look at what comes out. (guess what?  your smartphone can do it)   Most of the acoustic energy, assuming the piano is tuned to a 440 A is concentrated at a tad below 262 hertz (cycles per second), but other things are going on.  Bursts of energy at multiples of the 262 Hz fundamental  frequency paint the spectrum along with a few other bursts.  The integer multiples of the fundamental frequency are called partial harmonics and the others are inharmonic partials.  Together they form a large part of why a piano sounds like a piano - in fact why a specific piano sounds like that particular instrument - it's timbre.

The time development of a note can be very complex with the distribution of energy in the various harmonics changing as the note decays.   A really nice way to study this is with Fourier analysis.  I gave a crude non-mathematical introduction earlier, but I just came across another beautiful illustration. 

Enter Anna-Maria Hefele .  She's  a remarkable singer who has mastered the art of overtone singing.  Thanks to Richard Feynman's life-long fascination with Tuva you're probably aware of Tuvan throat singing.   Her singing is much richer.  Let's start with her voice as an instrument in this lovely version of H.I.F. Biber's Rosary Sonata 1.

 

and now a graphical look into the flexibility she has ..  simply wonderful!  Such a fine way to show off the overtones.

drawing lines of sound

Sound is an ornery beast.  Even serious people use different definitions.  To a physical scientist it's a vibration that moves through a solid, liquid or gas as a mechanical compression ..  moving regions of alternation compression and expansion.  To a psychologist or neurologist it's the result of processing the brain does after it detects the mechanical compressions - what you hear in your mind and neatly answering the question about trees falling in the woods without anyone around.

 

What we hear covers a range of wavelengths ranging from about 15 meters to 1.5 centimeters -  a factor of a thousand.  Visible light's range is less than two.  Sound waves are relatively slow in the air - about 340 meters per second.  The speed depends on temperature and, to a lessor extent, pressure and humidity.  Sound waves to be unfocused, bouncing off some things and getting absorbed and attenuated by others.  Our brains have evolved to make sense of all of this although sometimes we want better control.

 

If you're listening to live music the positions of the instruments and design of the hall can make enormous differences.  Even where you sit.  Acoustic engineers attempt to make the experience good over as much of the hall as they can, but have to deal with different audience sizes, the dynamics of the music and size of the ensemble, and even the clothes worn by the audience.  Some halls are better suited for certain types of music and some regions just sound better.

 

Movie theaters are a problem.  The same problem you have with music plus it has to synchronize with the film everywhere.  Not easy as the difference in distance to different speakers can sensed.  Some people can detect sounds that aren't synchronized to within ten milliseconds ...  a wave traveling ten feet more or less than one from another speaker for example.  Blockbuster movies - the ones that tend to make the most money - often have sudden percussive blasts of sound.  We are very sensitive to slight differences in timing for such sounds.  It would be great to be able to provide a good experience at every seat.  Wouldn't it be great if you could aim sound?

 

It turns out you can... and it started with a Canadian inventor around 1900.

 

Reginald Fesseden is one of those names you keep running into during the early days of radio. He noticed that if you take two slightly different frequencies and run them through something called a mixer they "beat" ..  You get a new frequency that is equal to the difference of the original frequencies.¹  He discovered this in electrical circuits, but the same thing happens in sound waves in the air.  You may have heard this beating if you've tune a musical instrument against a mechanical or electronic tuning fork.  Fessenden's discovery revolutionized radio and is still used.   In the sixties people realized you might be able use it to aim some types of sound.

 

Very high frequency sounds don't spread as much lower frequencies.  Even speech requires a wide range of frequencies.  Depending on the frequency of the sound how much the sound waves spread varies.  Generally the higher the frequency, the lower the spread.

 

The trick is to use ultrahigh frequencies - sound waves that would disturb bats and dogs. You use frequencies that differ by a frequency that you want to create.   Say your desired sound is a 440 A (440 Hertz or cycles per second)  and one of your ultrasonic frequencies is 100,000 Hz you beat the 100,000 Hz signal against one at 100,440.  In practice there is an array of ultrasonic transducers - the fancypants term for speakers - and with a few tricks you can create a "beam" that you can point.  If the beam strikes someone's ear, they'll  hear the 440 A, but someone just outside the path will hear nothing.   Generally you can get a beam about two feet wide at twenty feet.  

 

Clever, but there are a few problems that have kept it confined to very specialized uses - art installations for example.²  So I was curious when I heard about the Impossible Run:

 

It's encouraging and even heartwarming - send a couple of "lines" of sound down a track as a guideway.  The video is slick - a design company that did the work - but the idea isn't terribly flexible.  On the other hand it makes you to think a bit about what navigation for the partly sighted and fully blind could be like.

 

The sound beam approach is similar to the early days of aviation where directional radio stations spread out like a grid across the country beaming a pair signals in four directions.  The signal pair are at a slight angle.  One was the A in Morse Code  - dit dah, and the other N - dah dit.  The pilot tuned a radio receiver and, if you were flying directly towards the tower,  you'd hear a blur .. a more or less constant tone.  Veer to one side or the other and an A or a N would begin to appear.   This later became something much more flexible (VOR) that allowed you to use 360 different directions and then the shift to inertial guidance and finally GPS systems.  

 

So what about the partly sighted person?  The problem strikes home as my wife Sukie is nearly blind in one eye and has no peripheral vision.  She bumps into things and things bump into her.  Unlike a runner on an empty straight track or an airplane in flight, she has to worry about objects, often moving objects, in close proximity.  At least she still has some vision.  The problem is even worse for totally blind people.

 

I've built a few things, but building something smart enough to be trustworthy and making a useful interface is a serious problem.  I was inspired by the few blind people who have taught themselves how to echolocate (no kidding - this really works!).   For Sukie and other partly sighted person  personal LIDAR is probably the best emerging technology.  This is about the level for the amateur experimenter.  For the totally blind person you probably want centimeter accuracy navigation with LIDAR for object avoidance.  Preferably without realtime network connections!

 

Right now some hardware from Nvidia would work .. the problem is it would take several hundred watts of power.³  Expect a lot of progress.

 

I'm particularly curious about what might happen a new iPhone generations down the road with AirPods providing a sonic augmented reality interface.   I've done some thinking and a bit of simple prototyping to work out some ideas, but it is one of those things that will happen in a couple of years as some technology curves cross.   Perhaps hats come back into fashion.

 

Geordi La Forge indeed

 

In the near term I wouldn't be surprised to see movie theaters begin to provide sound through smartphone earbuds, but some sounds are not "heard" through the ears.  Some low frequency and loud sounds are detected as pressures on the skin and mixed in with the other signals in the brain to form the soundscape around us. Then again sophisticated earbuds and computation may add  augmented reality to the movie or home video experience.

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¹ Actually you get two.  If the original frequencies are f₁ and f₂ you get f₁ - f₂ and f₁ + f₂.  In practice you only use one. The new frequencies are called heterodynes.

² There is quite a history of trying to solve problems with this approach.  Sometimes it is called a sound laser, but the term is inaccurate and that's something else entirely.  It may be one of those hammers that keeps looking for the right problem.

³ Light Detection and Ranging.  A rotating pulsing laser beam measures range.  These are common on autonomous vehicles. 

 

its a material world

5:25 am - excellent!

 

I brush the last of the snow from my coat and switch on the lights before taking my seat.   A few minutes of silence and then a door opens and closes reverberating for about three seconds.  The clicking of shoes echoes through Warner Hall as she makes her way to the bench.  A minute of preparation and then the Praeludium in G by Bach fills her space and mine.  I sit back and shut all but the Bach from my mind.

 

She is doing an excellent job until - rats.  Bach derails and I sit up in my chair looking around.  A female shout fills the space reverberating for about three seconds

sh*tttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttt!

She goes back a few bars and dances through the problem smoothly.  Now a piece I don't recognize, but it is still clearly Bach until about 6:55.   Her shoes and coat go on and steps click to the door in the distance.

 

And a little magic as a female voice is softly singing Bach.

 

A door opens and closes.  The reverberation is about three seconds and then silence. Time to switch off the amplifiers and make some hot chocolate before getting to work.

 

She was an organ student in Oberlin and I was in a special room in New Jersey where we were working on the reconstruction sound fields.  A special seven microphone array had been installed in the hall with a computer handling compression mixing and compression in realtime.  The bitstream made traveled Eastward to our room where a reasonably convincing illusion of the Hall's sound space was created.  We had created a virtual acoustic reality.¹

 

Pipe organs - the old mechanical 'tracker action' organs - may have been the most sophisticated technology of the middle ages.  Oberlin's Warner Hall organ is a wonderful Flentrop that is ideally suited for Bach - a fact that partially determined where the array went.  Listen to a performance.²

 

The construction of modern tracker action organs hasn't changed much in a half millennia.  Each make has its own special alloys for pipes and techniques that are specific to each company and even to a master builder.  The sounds from the metals and woods of the pipes have distinctive signatures that come from voicing by golden eared experts who reason with the material in quest of perfection.  

 

I have a habit of taking a few weeks at the beginning of each year to learn a bit about something new.  The idea is to get to the point where I can ask questions that aren't completely foolish.  By the end of the two weeks I always feel I know much less about the subject than when I started, but this is sign of progress.  It is a bit like learning a few phrases  in the language of a country you're visiting.  Even if people speak perfect English they appreciate that you've tried.  That becomes a starting point if you want to learn.  

 

Several of these mini sabbaticals have been guided by designers and craftspeople.  Those who know fabrics, metals and woods at an intimate level.  There are amazing properties that we usually don't think about.  How can you put an edge on a knife, how does concrete work, what happens when you bend metal, how do metals influence flavor?  How do you tune the exhaust note of a sports car?  How do you build flexibility and stretch into denim?  Some of this is well studied. Much of it isn't.

 

There is an effort to move beyond STEM education by adding the arts - STEAM or STE[A]M education.  It often involves sensors, lights and some computing power with a few companies appearing to supply and inspire experimenters.    A few brilliant bits have emerged from people like Iris van Herpen and Björk, but most of it is - well - learning and part of a transition  Design languages will emerge and now is probably an exciting time to get involved.  The beauty is that it encourages people to acquire the skills it takes to make things - something that is missing from most K12 programs.³

 

The Maker community is a starting point if you're interested in the intersection of the physical world and technology (mostly computing).  While a great hobby and even a business opportunity for some, I see a path to something deeper.  Most of us are idiot savants with the technology and stuff that surrounds us.  Perhaps this is a path to an evolution of our education that embraces the past and the future and recognizes art and science as active partners with engineering.   Computing and networks are important, but so is the material world and understanding how we relate to it.

 

A goal is to bring together people with a wide range of expertise and create new classes of materials and designs.  Clothing that adjusts itself to local temperature and humidity while remaining comfortable and perhaps even having a wonderful 'feel' and movement.  New ways to make proteins in during cooking to create entirely new flavors.  Building materials that repair themselves.  Fabrication processes that allow individual expression while being inexpensive enough for average people.  Tools and designs that encourage people to add to the design rather than just  consume.  

 

The sky is the limit.  The problem is finding the right spark with enough constraints that collaborations begin to reverberate.  But that is another story...

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¹ There were a number of other experiments in shared acoustic VRs and sound field reconstruction for conferences.  

² The Oberlin Conservatory site has a link to an organ concert in Warner Hall that was covered by the public radio program Pipe Dreams.  Worth a listen!

³ Make: magazine is a good resource.  They're mostly focused on male-centric STEM (mostly T and E) projects, but Make: Volume 43 Feb/Mar 2015 has sections on clothing and wearables.  Adafruit is very woman friendly with supplies and projects to get someone going.

Making It by Chris Lefteri is a brief but excellent book detailing a few dozen techniques and an introduction to the different technques used at a variety of production scales.  Get the 2^nd edition!

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Recipe Corner

 

What happens when you have a can of plum tomatoes and some coconut milk.  Very easy and a nice area for experimentation

 

Tomato Soup with Coconut Milk

 

Ingredients

 

° 2 tbl olive oil

° 1 large yellow onion - chopped

° 1 celery stalk - chopped

° 1 carrot -chopped

° 2 garlic cloves- minced

° 28 oz can peeled plum tomatoes - real San Marzanos are a bonus!

° 2 cups vegetable broth, unsalted preferred

° coconut milk (the stuff in the cans, not the dairylike drink)

° salt and pepper to taste

 

Technique

 

° heat the oil in a pot to a medium heat

° add onions and reduce the heat a bit. Add some salt and reduce the onions until soft.

° add the carrot and celery stirring every now and again for about five minutes.  Add the garlic and cook for another minute.

° pour in the stock and tomatoes, bring to a boil and then cut to a simmer and cover.  Cook for about a half hour

° salt and pepper to taste

° stir in about a half cup of the coconut milk.  (a full cup may be even better)

° serve

 

 

listening

Not long ago I was in a very dark area on a clear moonless night.  Andromeda was well above the horizon.  I hadn't seen it clearly in awhile and just thinking about it fires your imagination - its light took well over two million years to make it to Earth.  The closest galaxy, but the most distant object you can see unaided.  As I stood just watching that galaxy as well as the rich band of our own galaxy a coyote barked in the distance.  A chill, a good chill, went down my spine.  I miss regularly encountering and appreciated nature.  We have far too much artificial light and noise in our environment.

 

I sometimes escape noise by sealing off the outside world and listening to music that makes me pay attention.  I don't think this is as common as it once was.  Early this morning I had an exchange with Om on our bond with music.  This is the note I sent with a bit of light editing:

 

Our connection with music is an area that couple of us spent puzzled over in our Human Computer Interface department. We were sketching out what it would take to build a framework probing what music meant to people sociologically, anthropologically and neurologically.  Ultimately the On Music to Sontag's On Photography.   Some of the questions are extremely deep and difficult, but we learned a little.

In the past decade progress has been made on the neurological front. We’re clearly musical creatures and that may be rare in the animal world - it may be that music is more of a definition of what makes us human than tool making or certain types of abstract thought (or not - it is an active area of research). We can recognize certain acoustic patters as music, but it takes experience and focus to understand this music thing more deeply. The act of learning to play an instrument or sing causes some neural rewiring and this can be significant in early life. People who follow this path have a tendency to listen to music more closely than those who don’t - even if they’ve given up their instrument later on. At a more extreme level is the act of creating novel music - very few people compose music. The percentage is lower than those who write books, poetry or do art. 

Anthropologists note that music is universal across the thousands of cultures they've studies. Singing is common to all but a handful and percussion appears to be everywhere.   Once we had to make our own music or be in physical proximity with those that did.  Technology made it  extremely easy to obtain and listen to passively. As phonographs and radio became  common, music instruction slid.  Concert going has become more rare and is tending towards a social occasion. Marketers have come to understand the subtle power of music in ads and stores so we have an overabundance of musical wallpaper. The same goes  video and movies. 

When I was a teenager music was a dominant form of both entertainment and communication among the young. I can’t stress the last point strongly enough. Music was how we talked about the important issues of the day - the war, feminism, racism, poverty, pollution, love and dreams. Electronic communication was mostly broadcast media with a limited number of channels. The written word was expensive and not terribly targeted (there were exceptions). Music linked and inspired a generation.

The quality of reproduction wasn’t important. You listen closely enough that the creation in your mind is more important than the quality of the reproduction machinery. People have been moved to tears by wax cylinder recordings - I’ve  soared to ecstasy listening to monophonic 78s. The same with a friend singing to me over an extremely low fidelity cellphone link.

There was a period, mostly beginning in the 50s, when people began to collect records seriously enough that their playback mechanism was worth less than their record collection. Teenagers latched on with cheap 45rpm monophonic players and became a serious market.  At the same time advances were being made in sound reproduction and home hi-fi become seriously better than radio or 45s. By the late 60s teenagers were spending money on their own stereos or were using their parents.  

Move ahead to the present and we have many other ways to spend our time. Teenagers aren’t allowed to have the free interactions with others their parents had, so as danah notes, networked communications while being physically solitary or in small groups has become more common. This has reduced the amount of time focused music listening once occupied. Now we're more driven by novelty and following someone or something else's selections.  Self assembling radio channel equivalents have become important and are replacing radio, but we rarely seriously listen. We value portability and often listen with enough background noise that good reproduction quality or even stereo imaging is not terribly important.

There was a period where audiophiles lead the way - they were buying kit that would become mass market five years later. These folks still exist, but the mass market no longer does. If you don’t listen closely, a smartphone streaming 64 kbps to medium quality earbuds or a bluetooth speaker is overkill. Few take care installing systems into homes and work on sound field reproduction largely came to a halt a decade ago (other than some serious research trying to understand how to do it in movie theaters).

Speaker manufacturers have to deal with a world where the mass market is one of convenience and style. There are a few physics tricks you can use, but the source material isn’t terribly demanding given how people listen. Serious non-audiophile people are most using ok quality convention diaphragm speaker systems or headphones. It is difficult to find a medium quality system these days. I wouldn’t want to be in the component business in the US.

One has to wonder if serious listening and perhaps amateur performance and composition will make a comeback. Will some of us move away from passive uncritical listening? There are some interesting tools you can imagine, but it is impossible to judge if they would be useful without making them real and teaching people how to use them. Steve Jobs misjudged this.

I take great pleasure listening deeply. I don’t really need to have a high quality installation to do do - but I do spend money attending live performances and know composers and serious musicians. I don’t know if we’ll come back to listening and playing. There are a few interesting conjectures that suggest paths, but behavioral change is difficult to arrange.  But there may be a benefit - the neurological benefits of performing music may guard against dementia along with having an impact on what being ‘happy’ means, so these are interesting societal questions.

There is no right or wrong. Music is important to me - it is locally brilliant performing the job that I want it to do.  I may be a dinosaur.

 

a most fascinating area…

 

  Isaac Stern talks about the importance of the space between the notes and how you move among them.  Yo-Yo Ma talks about the material of music - do you express it as wood - if so what kind? Is it steel, light, water.  How are temporal structures created that seed ideas in the listener's mind only to be expanded on later?  How does a musician interpret all of this.  

 

One of the first pieces of music that seized my imagination is Schubert's E flat major Piano Trio.  I've listened to the at least a half dozen performances of the Schubert piece and several have been live.  I'm not a musician and this is not an analysis by any stretch of the imagination - just a few observations.   The most remarkable version was recorded in 1952 by Pablo Casals (cello), Mieczyslaw Horszowski (piano) and Alexander Schneider (violin).   Schubert wrote it soon after he learned about Beethoven's death and shortly before his own.  Beethoven was something of a hero and the second movement (starting around 12:20) is a funeral march with a haunting theme in a minor key.  You've probably heard it in movies even if you haven't listened to the Trio.  The second movement is followed by a happier lighter movement and then a bright allegro for the forth movement.  Somehow the memory of the development of the funeral theme has been maintained - expertly in the hands of these musicians - and near the end of the piece it comes back twice and then almost magically is transformed to a major key.  It doesn't cease to take my breath away - the universe you are in becomes something else in a half step.

 

The old recording I had was monophonic and in poor shape.  It completely blows away any live performance and the best 24 bit 192 kbps recording I listened to at a recording studio in Cleveland using a reference system that cost a good deal more than a luxury car.  The music is closer for me on a low fidelity digital version I made that came from the original scratchy old LP via a cassette,

 

Someone has uploaded it to YouTube.  There are many wonderful types and performances of music.  There are several piano trios I like as much and one even more, but there be deep magic here.

 

 

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Recipe Corner

 

 

I had some extra mango puree (any Indian market will have some - restaurants use canned pulp when mangos are out of season).  This wasn't carefully measured, but came out just fine.  Substitutions would be interesting...  honey rather than sugar, cashews rather than almonds...  cardamom goes so well with mango, that I wouldn't leave it out.

 

Mango Bread

 

Ingredients

 

° 2 cups whole wheat flour

° 1 tsp baking soda

° 1 tsp baking powder

° 1/4 tsp salt

° 1/4 cup vegetable oil

° 2 tsp ground cardamom

° 1/2 cup white cane sugar - use a bit more if the pulp isn't very sweet

° 2 cups mango puree

° 2 tbl flaxseed meal 

° 1/4 cup of slivered almonds 

 

Technique

 

° heat oven to 350° F and grease a 9x5 pan

° in a mixing bowl whisk together everything from flour to salt

° in another bowl blend the remaining ingredients except for the nuts

° Mix in the dry ingredients with the wet and add the 

° pour into the pan and bake about until a toothpick comes clean - about 45 to 50 minutes

° transfer to a wire rack for cooling

 

 

tools and the jobs they do

When I was a teenager consumer grade microwave ovens were beginning to appear.  They were very spendy - much more than a conventional oven - so there was a need to convince people there was a deep need.   They seemed to settle on the microwave as a cook-almost-everything, but do it fast, oven.  A neighbor bought one and ruined expensive cuts of meat and numerous other dishes.  The problem was no one looked into the physics and chemistry of cooking and specifically cooking with one of these beasts.  The worst offense was the fact you couldn't create the conditions for caramelization and the Maillard reaction, but there was a problem that different foods absorbed microwaves differently and they only penetrated an inch or so.  In the end it was a $500 (in 1970 money which works out to about $3,000 today) 700 watt water heater and food defroster.   

 

The trick was realizing what the microwave was good for - reheating food and cooking certain types of frozen food, popping popcorn, and measuring the speed of light - and dropping the price by riding the penetration curve.¹  They're nearly ubiquitous, but no one considers them a chef grade do-it-all tool.  In the end the microwave was just a tool and a very specialized one at that.  Curiously a new food industry was created just to support in and a good deal of food preparation has been outsourced in the name of convenience.   There are times when compromises are made when a tool becomes ubiquitous.  

 

A lot of people are excited by the prospect of 3d printing without much concern of what it is really useful for and how it might move past its present state.  Several articles have appeared comparing it to the sewing machine and suggesting companies should look at what is currently going on in the crafting world.  It probably makes sense to take a quick look at the history of the sewing machine.

 

Apparel and fashion are extremely interesting.  They came of age with the industrial revolution, have rich social and political components, are a huge industry - $240 a year for every person on the planet at this point.  It is also happens to be an industry undergoing enormous change with greater change yet to come.  

 

The sewing machine is  one of the prime enablers of mass produced apparel and it is the only major component that has resisted automation.² Like many innovations there was a long development period - about six decades - and  multiple inventions. The first practical machines offered dramatic improvements speeding up sewing from ten to one hundred times and making the process much more uniform. It became practical to make clothing in the home rather than just mend it.  Unlike the 3d printer, it arrived on the market with a killer job to be done.  Households realized they needed it.   The early Singers happened to be very expensive, but clever marketing and financing campaigns made them a fixture in American households.  

 

The sewing machine didn't appear in a vacuum.  The cotton gin was developed in the late 1790s making industrial scale cotton production practical. This brought slavery back in a huge way creating an enormous cotton production in the Southern states.  About the same time the English launched into the development and perfection of high quality fabric manufacture using power looms largely driven by water or steam power.  By the time the sewing machine arrived on the scene high quality and inexpensive fabric was within the reach of the people who bought sewing machines.

 

Taking a two dimension piece of fabric, cutting it into appropriate shapes in such a way that it will fit someone after the pieces are sewn together is anything but a trivial exercise.  The traditional process, something still used in the bespoke world, was only for extremely skilled people who taken years to learn the tricks of the trade.  As a result clothing for anyone but the wealthy didn't fit very well and tended to be expensive.   Around the mid 1860s  Ebenezer Butternick started selling cardboard patterns for children's and women's clothing.  The innovation that made his fortune was his use of grading - making the patterns in a variety of sizes that scaled from a base size. Using them average sewing machine users could make clothing that was close enough to fitting and skilled users could tailor the final result.  Several competitors appeared on the scene within a decade and women's fashion magazines with ordering information for the latest patterns began to appear.  By the early 1900s Butternick ran the largest publishing plant in the US.  In the 50s they bought a name you've probably heard of - Vogue.   

 

Three elements had come together - desirable and inexpensive materials, a home fabrication machine that could efficiently produce good results with modest skills, and the rapid growth of inexpensive design that could fit a wide range of human sizes and shapes.   Personalized home fabrication took off like wildfire. 

 

As the US emerged from depression and WWII homemade clothing began to drop in popularity.  Commercial clothing was dropping in price to the point where it usually wasn't worth the effort and marketing was improving.  Sewing as a hobby and home business continued on a reduced scale, but sewing skills were now largely used for mending.  Clothing prices started to drop dramatically in the 80s as shipping containers made it practical for third world production and fast low quality disposable fashion emerged.

 

Home sewing is largely a hobby at this point, but it has been making a modest comeback driven by the slow fashion movement that is appearing mostly among millennials.³  This growth has been cited as a model for 3d printing -- I think that is a mistaken notion.  The home sewing machine is a tool - a tool with a well understood purpose and enormous flexibility. It is becoming desirable in some leading edge parts of popular culture and is inexpensive.  Designs are easy to obtain and modify and advanced amateurs can make their own.  The notion of copyright on apparel in the US allows an enormous amount of unencumbered design flexibility.  Wonderful materials - those with the right sensoaesthetic qualities - are available from around the world.  It is possible for amateurs to make pieces that will delight.  

 

We're a  way's off from the delight level in 3d printing - unless you are into 3d action figures, making prototypes or other items where material quality and cost is not terribly important.  3d printing is a very important tool in some niches, but it is just that - nothing more than tool without a clear sense of a general purpose killer job to be done.

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¹ OK - maybe measuring the speed of light with a microwave is unusual.  I set up a demonstration for my physics for premeds course when I was a grad student.  I put chocolate in a microwave oven and ran it for about a minute to produce standing wave melt marks in the chocolate.  Look at the microwaves frequency on the back of the oven, measure the melt marks and calculate the speed of light:-)  They were happy - I had about two pounds of chocolate for twenty students.

² Automated sewing is fairly close after more than thirty years of development.  It may not be adopted quickly as third world sewing not far removed from slave labor is incredibly inexpensive.  

³ Slow fashion is an interesting development.  It is a complex reaction to the direction of commercial fast fashion largely driven by a desire for quality over quantity, environmental concerns, a rejection of uniform-like style dictated by marketing, and clothing that fits.  Over-Dressed by Elizabeth Cline is the best introduction to the subject I've seen.

An interesting weakness of commercial fashion is poor fit.  There is no such thing as an average person.  While we tend to find clothing that has a 'good enough' fit, studies suggest over 70% of women can't find dresses that fit to their size. (meaning there is some aspect of the clothing that would fit better in another size .. or possibly not in any size).  Some adjustments are made, but mostly people put up with the poor fit rather than visit a tailor or having custom fitted clothing made.  No one has cracked this yet - a glaring problem that will eventually be addressed.

There are several relevant posts in this blog - sort under fashion and skim if you like.  

 

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Music corner

 

I'm still recovering from the flu and making food hasn't been a central part of my life.  But while walking at dawn on a glorious Spring morning I thought about Mendelssohn's Overture to 'A Midsummer Night's Dream' op.20   When people think of Mendelssohn they tend to think of a certain piece of music used in weddings from a piece with a similar title.  It turns out that came nearly 20 years later.  Mendelssohn was 17 when he wrote the Overture.  

 

The quality isn't great with youtube's compression, but you get the idea.  If you like it and don't have a copy there are several excellent versions 

Seventeen - how many people do you know who had were up to their opus 21 with several serious pieces under their belt by then?

 

A bit over a decade ago I spent quite a bit of time at the Oberlin Conservatory.  One of the delights was dropping in on students and watching them play.  One of the all time fun pieces for string players is Mendelssohn's Octet.  

The performance is good here - I Musici is a quality ensemble - but the youtube quality leaves a lot to be desired.  Still - some pure joy lurks.

Oh - Mendelssohn was 16 when he wrote this one.

 

pete - a life that made a difference

The past half year has been a period of loss in my life.  These periods happen, of course, but it has been particularly concentrated and has forced a lot of thinking.  During one point last December a close friend called to see how I was doing and after listening for a few minutes she started to sing a familiar song that moved me from the shock I was experiencing to a point where I could finally cry:

 

To everything turn turn turn there is a season turn turn turn 
And a time to every purpose under heaven 
A time to be born a time to die, a time to plant, a time to reap 
A time to kill, a time to heal, a time to laugh, a time to weep 

To everything turn turn turn there is a season turn turn turn 
And a time for every purpose under heaven 
A time to build up a time to break down, a time to dance, a time to mourn 
A time to cast away stones, a time to gather stones together 

To everything turn turn turn there is a season turn turn turn 
And a time to every purpose under heaven 
A time of love, a time of hate, a time of war a time of peace 
A time you may embrace, a time to refrain from embracing 

To everything turn turn turn there is a season turn turn turn 
And a time for every purpose under heaven 
A time to gain, a time to lose, a time to rend, a time to sew 
A time of love, a time of hate, a time of peace, I swear it's not too late 

To everything turn turn turn there is a season turn turn turn
And a time to every purpose under heaven 
To everything turn turn turn there is a season turn turn turn
And a time for every purpose under heaven

                                                                 Pete's words adapted from Ecclesiastes

 

Pete Seeger was one of those remarkable people who saw injustice and through force of will managed to find a way to bring change.  He fought with words and music - words and music that inspired others.   Enough that a difference was made.

 

I never really met him.  I did see him at a few concerts and was able to shake his hand a few times, but that's it.  On the other hand he was one of the people who helped me find my moral compass.  He is one of the forces that helped make me as a person.

 

Rather than write a post today I'll link to something much better - a video biography that appeared on the American Masters series and was shown on Public Broadcasting.  

It is fascinating how important music and poetry were. Such a powerful form of participatory story telling.

 

__________

 Recipe Corner

 

Ben Cohen wrote a lovely remembrance and offered an image.  It reminded me of the first time I saw Pete live.  It was a small outdoor concert on a beach in Southern California with a few hundred people gathered around a large fire on a chilly January evening.  When I finally shook his hand, he made a comment on the excellent hot chocolate and offered it was good lubricant for conversation.  

 

Last night I made some hot chocolate and had it with stroopwafels.  The trick is to place the stroopwafel on top of the mug and let it steam for a minute or two.  There are so many ways to prepare hot chocolate, but this is one that works in the Winter.

 

Hot Chocolate

 

Ingredients

 

° 2 cups whole milk

° 1 tbl white cane sugar

° 1/2 cinnamon stick

° 1/4 vanilla bean scraped. This is roughly the equivalent of 1 tsp of a good vanilla extract if you don't have fresh vanilla beans

° 100g bar of 70% dark chocolate.  I usually use a Lindt 70% bar (3.5 oz)

° 1/8 tsp Ancho chili powder (a double pinch:-)

° pinch of salt

 

Technique

 

° Add everything but the chocolate, salt and chili powder to a medium sized sauce pan over low heat. Warm to a light simmer and remove from the heat for about ten minutes.  Remove the vanilla husk and the cinnamon stick.

° make a homemade double boiler and melt the chocolate over simmering water.  Better yet, use a bain-marie ...  recommended if you make hot chocolate on a regular basis.

° put the milk mixture over low heat and whisk in the melted chocolate

° add the salt and chili powder and serve in two mugs.

 

a tale of early tails

I had come on a most unusual quest.  One that was both nearby and far away and happened to link my work to threads that led back six decades.

 

Sheldon, the high priest, was used to the unusual and led led the way through the maze of crates filled with movie projectors from the 20s, washing machines and vacuum cleaners from the teens, any number of telephone prototypes, a rack from an ESS4 digital switch, the prototype for the traveling wave tube to be used in the Telstar satellite, the first videophone from the late 1920s...  all tempting objects worthy of study.  We weaved through the stacks of lab books - a written testament to the process that was Bell Laboratories - or perhaps I should say the Bell Telephone Laboratories.  I was reminded of the last scene from Raiders of the Lost Arc every time I was in the temple.

 

We were in a large  otherwise unremarkable steel frame building in Warren, New Jersey.  AT&T's storage facility - where the artifacts of Bell Labs were stored.  Sheldon knew it like the back of his hand.  Much of the history was there - except for the crown jewels.  The core patents and notebooks for the fundamental inventions - telephone and transistor for example - were stored in safes we were told.

 

I was after a disk from Harvey Fletcher's early recordings.  We were putting together a demo for a very important potential customer and it seemed reasonable to impress him with a bit of our tradition.  Fletcher was a physicist who had did pioneering work in high quality recording, multichannel recording and even psychoacoustics.  In the early 30s he arranged to record the Philadelphia Symphony Orchestra with Leopold Stokowski conducting.  The technology was home brew and the recordings were remarkable for the day - two and more channels at up to 15kHz.  

 

There they were - the master disks - about one hundred of them.  They were far too important for me to borrow one, but I was compelled to look at many of them and the lab books describing the sessions.  I was able to borrow a test disk of less historical importance.  These were large stereo platters recorded and played with two arms - the concept of a stereo grove came a few months afterwards.  I also was able to find submasters of the important recordings that were made in the 1950s and borrowed one.

 

Harvey would have been proud. We were showing off a a way to compress music by simply throwing out what the mind ignores as it creates music.   It was uncleverly called Advanced Audio Coding.  I set the compression software at a 11:1 ratio discarding 10 parts of the signal for every 11 it encountered.¹  The trick, of course, is to pick the right parts to save.  A call to his executive secretary revealed our potential customer liked the Beetles and Bob Dylan so tracks were compressed from our personal CDs.

 

When he listened to our player this, recorded on April 29, 1932, is what greeted him.

 

Download Wagner - Die Walküre - Ride of the Valkyries (aac file .. most players will handle it)²

 

Amazing fidelity for its day, the kit was too impractical for widespread use.

 

I'm often stuck by how early developments take place in many technologies and how many paths are tried.  

 

The late 20s and early 30s were an interesting time if you were interesting in video and audio.  In the period of about two years several television systems were developed including color television and a videophone. There were a few dozen television schemes by the late 20s. Hobbyists in the US were buying kits and watching FCC sanctioned transmissions from about 30 stations scattered around the country.  It seemed like a natural extension of the telephone and had been predicted forty years before - people saw the telegraph, telephone and Edison's moving pictures and assumed a technical mashup was possible.  

 

A sketch of a possible future technology can be fairly clear.  Less apparent is how we get there and completely unknown are the societal implications.

 

Using smartphones as an example Horace Dediu has a piece on the diffusion of a technology great Asymco blog.  Such discussions are important in the understanding technologies and markets, but they ignore a very complex set of pathways on the left side of the curve - before the technologies became marketable.  The point where, at any given time, it looks like several candidates might emerge and it is possible none of them will survive in their then current form.  Many of us knew in the 90s we'd be carrying small computers with some sort of radio and possibly a digital camera.  Some of us would include a GPS in the device.  None of us had any clear ideas of a final winning form or who would do it or what the societal impact would be.  There were guesses, but betting on them at that stage is dangerous.

 

Our society needs a set of pioneers working at the leading edge.  Most of the paths won't go anywhere, but they can influence others and have remarkably important impacts.  Digital photography came out of an afternoon's realization of some of the implications of a certain type of semiconductor memory - at a time when the type of memory that would take hold in computers was still up in the air.  Unfortunately the lead times for these early forms of applied research are so long that few companies can invest in them - companies today are rewarded for having very lean R&D budgets and by really focusing on very near term - usually under five years - development.   AT&T and IBM did when they were monopolies and others were allowed to do so with rich contracts from the government as part of the Cold War.  Now Universities carry much of the load - they are important, but not sufficient. 

 

Tales of the tails --  fantastic areas when anything seems simultaneously possible and impractical.

 

There are too many ways to go and I'm about out of time.  It would be fun to write about television, computer memory, cars, heavens - so much...  So clear in retrospect, so difficult in the period.

__________

¹ This is a common compression ratio that fools most people - 128 kilobits per second - down from the 1411 kbps of a compact disc.  The AAC codec is used for iTunes.  Tests have shown even excellent ears have problems statistically distinguishing CD from compressed AAC at 160 kbps.  Apple uses 256 kbps.  Of course you can get into the imperfect sound on a compact disc, but a significant learning I've had over the years is that, for most people, it doesn't matter.

² I assume no responsibility for triggering  Mel Blanc, Arthur Bryan and Chuck Jones flashbacks.

__________

Recipe Corner

 

This one was very good - it has a nice buttery mouthfeel from the avocado and should be very healthy. I don't know where it came from - it was in my notes for a long time and I modified it.

 

Mashed Sweet Potatoes with Avocado

 

Ingredients

 

° 1 large sweet potato

° 2 heads of garlic (less if you like - I used two medium sized heads)

° 1 tsp olive oil

° 1 medium avocado

° 1/3 cup slice yellow onion

° juice from 1/2 lemon

° sea salt and freshly ground pepper (to taste)

° an herb like parsley to garnish

 

Technique

 

° oven to 400°F

° clean and dry the sweet potato poke holes in it and nuke in your microwave for about 3 to 4 minutes (depending on how strong your microwave is)

° lop off the top half inch or so off a head of garlic so the individual cloves are exposed

°  put the topless garlic head on foil and drizzle with olive oil.  Seal the foil

° put the sweet potato and foiled garlic on a pan and roast for 20 minutes until cooked - leave the garlic in

° after 30 minutes total cooking time take the garlic out.  It should be soft and wonderful smelling.  Let it cool and squeeze out the cloves

° mash the garlic and sweet potatoes and season with salt and pepper

° peel the avocado and mash with lemon juice.  Combine with the mashed sweet potato/garlic mix and serve topped with onions and the herb.

 

 

 

some recommendations

A few recent conversations led to some recommendations that may interest some of you so rather than a normal post here are a few books and a talk.

 

 Sound is something our brain generates - an interpretation of a periodic mechanical compression wave that travels through some medium.  Depending on your definition, it is possible to describe sound as something that only exists in the brain.   

 

An anthropologist told me that music is one of those human activities that is seen in all known societies.  Singing exists in all but a handful and a minimum of percussive music is universal.  Music and speech are processed in different parts of the brain and that makes them interesting.   Over the millennia people have become experts at conveying rich meaning acoustically and in the past few decades we've been putting together how it all works, although the neurology of music is still in its very early stages.

 

A few good books on the subject exist.  Musicophilia by Oliver Sacks, like his other books, is a delightful read and highly recommended.  Somewhat deeper and more interesting I think is This is Your Brain on Music by Daniel Levitin.  It is a bit dated now, but is a fascinating look into the subject offering a lot for contemplation.  Levitin has a companion website that should be used as you read.  Unfortunately it is not directly linked in the ebook version of the book.

 

A few months ago Aniruddah Patel of Tufts gave a fine talk on current research- Exploring the Impact of Music on Brain Function  While it is not a broad overview of the field it is at a high level and accessible to non-specialists.  From the introduction to his talk:

 

 Music reaches into our deepest self, or so Plato declared some 2,300 years ago. We’ve been wondering about music’s effect on us ever since. In the last decade in particular, a growing number of scientists have taken up the quest to chart music’s course in the body, starting at the top—the brain. According to Dr. Aniruddh Patel, associate professor of psychology at Tufts University, there’s no better time for music cognition research.

“What measurable impacts do musical listening and musical training have on brain function?” he asked May 13 in his talk for the National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine’s Integrative Medicine Research Lecture Series. “People have been speculating about music in the mind for millennia. Plato remarked that rhythm and harmony find their way into the inward places of the soul back in three or four hundred B.C.”

 

Highly recommended!

 

Feynman, by Jim Ottaviani and Leland Myrick is a fine little biography in the form of a graphic novel.  Even though it is mostly pictures, there is a bit of physics that is clearly explained by him.  If you get the ebook version and have an iPad, the iPad version is better rendered than the Kindle version.

 

It is difficult to recommend an introductory physics book.  There are any number of popularizations that will give an introduction to current and past thinking.    Learning a bit more takes a lot of work on the part of the student.  It is funny - as an undergrad you learn a bit about the subject, but very little about physics. Of course you think you're learning physics.  What you are doing is learning some mathematical technique and a bit of physics that has been learned over the centuries.  You learn to solve a few problems.  The first few years of grad school exist to refine technique, but you also start learning how to ask questions and hunt.  It is only then that you start doing physics and by the time you get your Ph.D. you are only starting.  Somewhere along the path you realize how little you know.  Getting out with the title means the training wheels are off, but you have a proper adult curiosity and are beginning to learn how to ask proper questions and are learning how to interpret the results.  This is probably the path for many other fields - there is a false sense that you know what you are doing early on, but then a wonderful realization that you knew so little that you thought you knew a lot.  

 

My favorite first year physics book is one that I would only recommend to those who have had a year of college physics already.  Although it is dated, the three volume Feynman Lectures on Physics is a real delight and was re-released in a set a few years ago.

 

A big hole in my education has been an understanding of the history of science.  I think it is important to understand the flow of the development of understand, something that has been very uneven and often dramatic. A few universities have great courses, but I never had any of it until after my formal education was over and I started reading books on the history of science.  I can make recommendations for bits and pieces as I've only scratched the surface.  I'll continue to make recommendations when I stumble across something notable.  Of course I'm always interested in interesting things you've uncovered as most of you are probaby much better read.

 

Finally a book on making things.  Making It by Chris Lefteri is not a how to book, but rather the best introductory guide to manufacturing techniques I've seen.  Be sure and get the recently released second edition.

 

Huge volumes are being written about 3D printing, but presently it only covers a very narrow range of what is possible and practical.  It is one of a large number of tools and techniques - even for single example custom work.   I find it exciting that there is a renewed interest in making things and this should be on the shelf of anyone starting down the path as well as anyone who is curious how the stuff around us was made and the different processes used for making one, a hundred, ten thousand or millions of an item.

 

With Summer here I note something fun you can do on your vacation.  Find out what is made in the places you'll be visiting and try to arrange a tour.  A lot of this went away after 9/11, but many companies are delighted to show what they do and often you run into boffins with deep knowledge who are just bursting at the seams to share bits of it. It is a world that touches all of us that is mostly invisible.

 

And for the last recommendation a fantastic book on flavor.  Neurogastronomy by Gordon Shepherd sorts out the current understanding of our perception of flavors.  One of those books I just couldn't put down.

 

in search of a line and a circle

Those of you who know me know I've spent quite a bit of time in the past fifteen years worried about climate change - it is one of the few high impact high probability events I know of that can be mitigated, so focus seems appropriate.

 

I've tried a variety of approaches and have largely failed to make any impact.  At first education seemed right as it is something I believe in, but you need a stable and sufficient base on which to build and I was assuming that the scientific literacy of the American public was much higher than it was.  I still work at it and have tried several approaches, but the overall response ranges from crickets to a negative reaction.  Of course this is giving me a strong signal on my abilities relative to the challenge and others who are much better communicators have had also had little or no impact.  

 

I sometimes use this qualitative chart in my talks.  If anything the think tank bump should be much smaller, but you get the idea.  The media does not cover the dominant scientific view and tries to balance opinion - the issue is there isn't any opinion in largely settled science.  Science is about confidence levels and for the likelihood that climate change is taking place,  being influenced by us, and will have a large impact, the confidence levels are high.¹

 

Storytelling is another mechanism that might work.  Several people are trying to exploit that path and some are trying a combination of education and storytelling.  That seems like it might be a viable approach, but one is up against pseudoscience, a natural bias in the media and a very well funded anti-science campaign.  I'm not a good speaker or storyteller, but I've been working a bit to support those who are.

 

The result is my views on what to do are shifting from worrying primarily about mitigation and moving more towards adaptation.  It is ultimately much less efficient and much more expensive than mitigation, but there is a lot of potential optimization and it seems like a rich area to study.  I'll still be thinking about mitigation a lot - particularly conservation and efficiency, but staying focused there may be a fool's errand.

 

Even though the state of the American response to climate change is on the depressing side it is fascinating and poses several interesting questions about everything from our social systems to how our minds work.  In thinking about these sometimes it is useful to step back and think about other historical challenges.  

 

And that brings us to a line and a circle...

 

Take a look at any modern ship.  Down near the waterline you'll see a circle with a line through it.  The line where where the hull of a ship meets the water is the Plimsoll Line and the little circle-line is technically called the International Load Line and indicated the legal limit to which a ship can be loaded.²   An extremely useful graphic - getting on a ship with water above the load line strikes you as something not entirely sane.

 

When you see a name as unusual as Plimsoll, you suspect a story.³

 

In the 19th century transatlantic shipping had become common.  Shipping disasters happened, but the introduction of insurance made them much more likely.  A shipper could load his vessels past their design limits and make quite a bit of extra coin on the voyage.  Should the ship be lost it and its contents were insured - often at more than 100% - and he would also come out ahead as ship building meant he could quickly replace his loss.  The only real loss was one many shippers chose to ignore - perhaps a hundred or so crewmen.  The practice was so common - nearly a thousand were dying each year - that merchant seamen called this overloaded and insured ships "coffin ships".

 

Samuel Plimsoll was a MP who crusaded for the rights of the seamen- often against great odds as the ship owners enjoyed a tight relationship with the government.  He is vilified in the House of Commons, but he became something of a folk hero with popular plays and songs written about him and the coffin ships.⁴  This grass-root support grew to a point where it nearly brought down the Disraeli government.  Finally there were sweeping reforms that probably saved tens of thousands of lives.  One of them - in my mind the most dramatic - was a simple little graphic that allowed you to understand if the ship's load made it unseaworthy.

 

I want - I think we need - a Plimsoll Line for climate change.

__________

¹ There is a lot of normal scientific dispute on the details of how great the impact will be and how this will play out, but that is like people going over a cliff in a car wondering how many times the car will bounce on the way down and if it will burn when it finally hits.  People tend to confuse the normal debate that takes place in science with the fact that some of the results are extremely likely ... it's just the details we're hazy on.

² There are a few other markings that account for the different water densities.  Sea water density depends on salinity and temperature.

³ I first heard about it in college during a visit to a large ship visiting Manhattan.  Much later I ran into a book on the subject and recommend it - The Plimsoll Sensation by Nicolette Jones.

⁴ John Storey sings a modern version based on some of the ballads

__________

Recipe Corner

 

This one is very easy to experiment with and surprisingly good.  A really good yogurt and olive oil are key.

 

Quinoa, yogurt, fruit and nuts

 

Ingredients

 

° 1 tbl cleaned dry quinoa - red quinoa is particularly good

° a dozen shelled and chopped pistachios  (raw or salted and raw)

° a dozen chopped almonds (I used unblanched, but blanched would probably work)

° 350 - 400 grams of whole plain Greek yogurt (I use Fage)

° 4 medjool dates, chopped and pitted.  I've also tried other dried fruit, so experiment.

° some lemon zest

° uniodized sea salt - a finishing salt like Maldon is best

° a tbl or more of your best extra virgin olive oil

 

Technique

 

° Start the oven heating to 350°F

° Put the quinoa in a small pan over medium heat and toast it until it starts to pop.  Then pour it into a bowl and cool.

° Spread the pistachio and almond chunks onto a baking pan and toast for five minutes in the oven.  Then remove and cool.  Alternatively you can do this in a pan over  burner, but you need to be *very* careful to not burn them. 

° Spread equal amounts of yogurt onto two plates and sprinkle on the dates, nuts, and quinoa.  Sprinkle on a bit of lemon zest and salt and finally drizzle on a bit of olive oil

 

yumm!!

happy holidays!

OK - here is the 18th year of the card I first put up around now in 1994 ...  the last host went out of business and my free hosting doesn't support auto streaming, so you'll have to click on the player to listen..

The drawing came together in about a minute. The music was done in midi editing with a keyboard looking at a score and happened to take considerably longer.  I put it on a server I was running on a computer under my desk and sent the link to readers of The Crandall Surf Report - an early pre-blog I wrote in the Mosaic era.

I didn't think much of it until the second year when people started bothering me to re-post it.  Dozens of people.  One thing led after another and now it is celebrating its  18^th year.  The current server no longer supports midi and I was forced to convert it to mp3 - so much for authenticity.

anyway ... whatever your holiday, have a good one!