omenti

making the whole more than the sum of the parts

Basketball is my first love, but the athleticism of beach volleyball is amazing.

_____

Watching the men and women spike, block, and dive around a court that is almost impossible for two people to adequately cover makes one appreciate the elite level of athleticism necessary to be competitive on an international level. After basketball, it may very well may be the second-most exciting international sport.  

Kareem Abdul-Jabbar 

 

Sport is often seen as a microcosm of society.  It brings disparate groups come together to peacefully play, watch and cheer.  Sometime it's a vehicle for highlighting social issues and even bringing change.  Looking around more carefully you find more - teamwork is a good example and I'll go there.  

 

People tend to have favorite events.  My wife likes gymnastics, ice skating, and weight lifting (she lifted as an amateur).  I like a few Winter sports, but my favorite sport is beach volleyball.  Requiring little in the way of equipment and having simple rules it's a fairly clean sport.  Easy for some people to get together and knock a ball around as well as being very difficult to master.  Played at the highest levels it's a mental game of strategy and tactics.  Successful two person teams require a set  skills a single player rarely has forcing a mixture of  specialization along with a generalist's skill.  It's this  difficult simplicity that attracts me.¹  

 

The real reason for the post is to focus on what makes a successful team.  The best teams tend to have a mixture of physical characteristics, types of athleticism and approaches to the game play.  Communication and reading the game and the other players are critically important.  High level players develop court sense - they know where the other players and ball are as well as how that information is changing with time.    And it's just them - they can't use a coach during the game.

 

Sarah Pavan is a friend and half of the current women's world champion team that was just named one of the most significant volleyball teams of the last decade.  (the link is worth checking out as it shows some of what makes them an unusual and great team)   They're an example of finding success by celebrating differences.   Sarah is shy and somewhat introverted while Melissa Humana-Paredes, known in the sport as the smiling assassin,  is a five alarm joyful extravert.  Sarah is a strategic player, some call her the most cerebral player in the game, while Melissa is one of the most intuitive players.  They manage to bring their differences together without changing each other.  

 

Social scientists who study teamwork in the workplace, military and other areas regularly point out three main components of the most successful teams (individual skill is not one of them): the ability to communicate freely, empathy (that's a loaded word, but I'll leave it at that), and having women on the team.   I sent a video link to a match to a professor who studies verbal and non-verbal communication.  She noted Sarah and Melissa appear to have mastered an almost off-the-chart skill level.  Empathy is more difficult to nail down, but these two seem to know what each other is thinking on and off the court.  And, of course, they have women on the team nailed down.

 

There are probably lessons here and in other areas of sports applicable to teams outside of sports.  I've had a couple of fascinating discussions comparing and contrasting the dynamics of physics collaborations, movie animation teams and beach volleyball. 

__________

¹ Not quite the whole story.  There isn't a lot of money in the sport and the players are very approachable and enthusiastic. It's part of the sport's atmosphere.   I'm also interested in the physics of what's going on, but that would probably happen in any sport - the first time I seriously watched curling I had to work out why the stone curled the "wrong" way. 

 

measurement grounded activity recommendations

A minipost on staying healthy

 

For the last twenty years or so it's been increasingly clear that exercise is a powerful drug large benefits and few if any downsides.  Recommendations for how much across wide ranges of populations are improving, but historically have been educated guesses and extrapolations based on inadequately sized studies.  Fitbits, Apple watches and other wearables that measure and record movement are revolutionizing how the science is done.  Study sizes and data quality have increased dramatically and are being correlated with real measures of health from physicals and other widespread measures.  New targeted recommendations based on the improved studies are emerging with recommendations for various age groups and differing physical abilities and medical conditions, acceptable sedentary behavior, a better understanding of the depression-fighting power of physical movement and so on.  

 

The British Journal of Sports Medicine has dedicated their latest issue to the new device-grounded WHO physical activity recommendations and has posted it outside their paywall. Perhaps most important is the WHO 2020 Guidelines article, but most of the articles are interesting and written for the non-specialist.  They also posted an informative twenty minute podcast episode:

BMJ talk medicine · The 2020 WHO Guidelines on Physical Activity with Prof Fiona Bull and Dr Juana Willumsen. Ep #456

 

If you're looking for some serious strength and conditioning exercises, Sarah has put together a few on her YouTube page. They're aimed more at those already in good shape who don't have access to a gym.  Just look for those labeled strengthening and conditioning - the rest are aimed at beginning volleyball players.  At the other end of the scale walking is an excellent exercise.

And a simple recommendation from me.  Getting out in the cold weather away from people is an excellent way to get exercise.  As a native Montanan I offer one bit of advice on dressing for the cold: layered clothing.  It can make the difference between a pleasant bit of outdoor activity and being cold, wet and miserable. 

 

 

 

checking out your neighborhood

minipost and recommendation

The books you wore out when you were fourteen or fifteen are probably serious hints about your dreams and direction.  One of the two I wore out was a Norton's Star Atlas and Reference Handbook.   Beautiful, wonderful star charts to find your way around the night sky.  The graphical design was (and still is) stunning and it just works.  It cost a fortune in the day, but so wonderful.

 

Every now and again someone publishes a survey that claims only a small fraction of Americans under 30 or 35 have seen the Milky Way. That's a shame.  On a sufficiently clear dark night it's about as beautiful as anything I've seen in Nature.  Light pollution has largely taken it from us.

 

But even in suburban areas you can still see some stars and planets and the Fall in much of Europe and North America offers crisp clear skies.  Checking out our stellar neighborhood is much more inspiring than watching TV, but you need a guide to make any progress. Although I still love my Norton's (I've been through several editions), the better entryway is to use an app.  At least a dozen exist.  My clear favorite on iOS is Sky Safari at about three dollars on the App Store.  (they also have an Android version, but I haven't used it).  Go for the low-end version - currently Sky Safari 6 AR - the more expensive versions are used to drive computerized telescopes.

 

The beauty of apps like this is they know location and the time of day.  Then, using the phone or pad's compass and gyroscope, they calculate and display the section of sky you're pointed at.   Change the display magnification to roughly match the sky and it's sort of augmented reality. You can identify stars and planets as well as search for them and learn the constellations. Playing around with the settings is useful (particularly turning off the background music), but the defaults for star brightnesses displayed roughly matches the human eye in a semi-dark area.  You can also turn off the compass and gyros and explore the sky indoors.

 

If you get hooked the next thing would be a good pair of binoculars .. stay away from telescopes for awhile. 

 

 

 

take it outside

a minipost

 

Other than the new graduate student, most of us have worked together for a few years.  This morning we carried our folding chairs across the large lawn struck by the novelty of seeing each other without glass, silicon and coordinated electrical signals getting in the way. It was our first face to face meeting since late February.

 

It would have happened earlier if we didn't believe the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus couldn't be effectively carried by aerosols, but there's too much evidence to the contrary.  Aerosol clouds move and disperse quickly outdoors, so here we were with our face masks and some distance from each other.  Someone brought an easel with large sheets of paper and a few markers and we were off.  

 

A few things cropped up right away.   It gets hot sitting in the Sun for any length of time (you'd think we'd have more sense, but my type generally lacks it).  It was difficult hearing each other.  I can imagine a smartphone app that could take care of that - a local audio conference cloud.  (Gregg - this would be a good student project - I can think of several ways to do it).  One could also imagine iPad screen sharing, but I don't think it would work as well for our discussions - your mileage may vary.

 

We did manage to get a lot done - much more than the Zoom calls we've had.  There's a lot of "out of band" communication that takes place when you're face to face. 

 

I doubt that many would do this on a regular basis, but it raises an interesting point.  Indoors plus an aerosol transmission vector are a bad combination.  To make indoors work you need good fresh air exchange - perhaps a room volume every few minutes.  (Exactly how thoroughly and quickly isn't well-known yet.  This isn't anywhere as bad as measles for example.) Opening windows and doors using fans can do it.  The same with a properly balanced HVAC system .. but that can be difficult and expensive.  Most building systems recirculate air.  You can pass the air through a high-spec HEPA filter (note - HEPA is not a type of filter, but rather a standard).  Unfortunately they restrict airflow and it takes a lot of power to push air enough through.  I'd bet a fair amount of money most classrooms and offices aren't up to the task.

 

I jokingly suggested perfume, cigarette smoke, or incense smoke as a test to someone who studies aerosol physics.  They said it was a good idea.  You shouldn't be able to smell these kind of sources in a properly ventilated room unless you're very close.  Another test is CO₂ level.  A classroom full of people shouldn't register over 800ppm after an hour has gone by.  Building managers are often equipped to test CO₂ and volatile gas levels (you shouldn't be able to smell the carpet either). 

 

In many countries this won't be a big deal.  They've managed to get a handle on the situation with the ability to find and isolate hotspots.  How safe it is to have k-12 kids in schoolrooms is likely to be an experiment we'll see played out.  Colleges, restaurants and bars are probably a clearer call. Such decisions are well beyond my pay grade. 

 

 

there were always roads

I had the pleasure of chatting with and, more importantly, listening to Rhinnon Giddens.  She's become well known for tracing the importance of African Americans in music and, at the same time pointing out origins are complex and probably too complex to disentangle.

 

She's a singer, composer, and a fine claw hammer banjo player.¹  These days the banjo is most associated with the white South.  It turns out it came from the Caribbean with slavery and was almost exclusively a black instrument until the 1830s and 40s when white America started to absorb it. From there you can follow it back to Africa and from there to the middle East.  

 

Here she plays an Appalachian piece with Francesco Turrisi accompanying on  a middle Eastern frame drum.

Oddly enough the Irish bodhrán is a very recent instrument based on frame drums from the Middle East - so it fits.  

 

Many - probably most - of our musical styles have has roots elsewhere.  These ancestors also have roots and interconnections.  Trade created a cultural connection machine that made its presence known to people who had no idea where the influences were coming from.  It doesn't take too many people to show up on another shore something new - what can seem like straight-up magic.   Then culture takes and modifies what it finds as it grows.

 

There is no unique source or single direction.  

 

There were always roads...

__________

¹ She's also a MacArthur fellow.  Her music is powerful.  You need to listen.

 

playing with popcorn

A minipost

 

Chatting with Sarah the topic of snack foods somehow came up.  She mentioned problems getting all of the popcorn kernels to pop and sometimes there was burning. We wandered to something else, but afterwards it struck me that proper popcorn popping was something I know how to do.  In fact a few scientific papers have been written and it's a good area for home experimentation. But first the recipe:

 

Our next door neighbor when I was in high school, had it down.

° 1/3 cup of fresh popcorn .. he'd keep it in a sealed glass jar.  

°  3 tablespoons of vegetable oil in a 3 quart heavy bottomed sauce pan over medium high head. Add 3 or 4 kernels of popcorn and wait.

° When they pop add the rest of the popcorn and lift the pot away from the heat for about 30 seconds.  Put on the cover and return to heat.   If you can it's a good idea to leave the lid slightly ajar to release some of the steam (his lid had a vent)  When the popping slows to once every second or two, dump the popped corn into a bowl and add salt and melted butter to taste.

I use an inexpensive light olive oil (not a rich or expensive one) and add a bit of salt when the popcorn goes into the oil.  I prefer white popcorn, but your taste may vary. Jolly Time comes in thick plastic bags that are fairly air-tight.  Upscale popcorns come in glass jars, but I'm cheap.  

 

Popcorn is a special variety of corn.  The kernel has a hard thin hull on the outside. Inside is the seed along with enough water and a starchy food to get it sprouting.   The trick is to get the water inside to boil.  The hull is strong enough that it takes quite a bit of pressure to get it to burst. As the starch heats it gelatinizes.  The hull bursts at a weak spot and the gelatinous starch cools and solidifies as it expands outwards. The expansion is asymmetrical starting at the weak spot where the hull burst giving the mass a kick. The sound comes from the expanding gas resonating against the expanding kernel and not the breaking hull. No one figured the sound part out until a couple of years ago.

 

If you have kids or some curiosity on your own you can figure out a few things:

 

Find an oven-safe bowl with a lid and heat your oven to about 190°C (375°F).  Add a small number of kernels - say 20.  You may have to shake the bowl around a bit as it heats.  After the popping stops count successful pops.  Now try it at about 170° C (about 340°F).. your count should be different.  If you like you can find the threshold.  You might need to calibrate your oven.  I use an infrared thermometer.   (180°C seems to be the threshold for fresh Jiffy Pop white).

 

If you have a good scale weigh 20 or 30 kernels and calculate the average weight of a kernel.  Put them in the hotter oven and pop as many as you can.  Weigh the popped kernels and calculate the moisture percentage.  I get close to the 14% moisture content good popcorn is supposed to have.

 

You can try different types and freshnesses of popcorn and find popping yields (percent popped). You can also measure the average size.  Try it at a different altitude if you can or enlist a friend.  Try slicing the kernels and see what that does to the size.  How different are the fancy varieties?  And of course you can try toppings other than butter.

 

While on the subject of snack food. Sarah told me about maple cotton candy.  It isn't easy to find in the US, but I finally did.  Expensive, but very good and addictive.  Be warned.

 

 

 

order! - a minipost

Apparently a math puzzler became something of a theme on the Internet..  a half dozen people asked me what I thought the answer was

8÷2(2+2)=?

Some came up with 1, others with 16.  Apparently there were near-religious arguments. A mathematician would tell you both are incorrect - the question posed is ambiguous and not an answerable bit of math ..  at least not generally.

 

The problem is the order in which one evaluates expressions.  It turns out the one you learned in grade school is a bit different from the one you may have had when you learned algebra. If you remembered grade school you probably get 16.. algebra people are more likely to get 1.¹  If your algebra teacher was more careful they would have said the expression is wrong - you need to add parenthesis to make it unambiguous. The exception would be if the only people you communicate with agree on representation. That can be a big if..

 

Taking it a bit further, the simple rules you learn in secondary education don't cover don't cover unary ±, which implicitly have lower precedence than exponents on one side and higher on the other!  For example

-x³ → -(x³)
x^-3 → x(^-3)

This is so well agreed upon that no one uses parenthesis in this case.  Historically juxtaposition was treated as implicit multiplication, but that led to ugliness like

1/3x →  1/3*x →  (1/3)*x
a^2x →  a^2*x →  (a²)*x

uck! 

People decided juxtaposition of numeric literals is like a unary operator ..  so the 2 in 2x is attached to the x like the - in  -x.  

 

Back to the original problem. The fact that people had different interpretations and mentioned rules from school meant a better rule was required.  The problem needs to be unambiguous to anyone who might encounter it.  This is an issue for computer languages - different languages can parse the same written expression differently and come to different results.  Agreement on standards is an issue too ..  the Mars Climate Orbiter was lost as  teams at JPL and Lockheed Martin had different takes on a single critical bit of data - one used metric units, the other english..   when the retrorockets on the spacecraft were fired to go into Martian orbit the spacecraft burned up in the Martian atmosphere - it was literally lost in translation.  And this was code that passed multiple very careful reviews - code written for space probes is some of the carefully crafted software period.  Just wait for complex coordination systems and things that move with people nearby or inside.

 

That said there are some areas were common agreement among practitioners creates a local set of standards..  Einstein summation notation in physics is confusing to outsiders, but all physicists know it. And then there's my favorite - the double factorial.  In math (n!)! is not n!! ...  (note that I also have the problem of people interpreting ! as an exclamation point:-)

 

This local agreement is probably true in most fields - even descriptions of an action in a sport are local to the sport.  We all use local shorthand - it's a form of jargon, but we need to know when we can use it and when we need to be more general even it it's awkward.

__________

¹ In one case 8÷2(2+2) → (8÷2)*(2+2) = 4*4 =16

   in the other 8÷2(2+2) → 8÷(2*(2+2)) = 8÷(8) = 1

 

 

an ecology posed by a children's song and multidisciplinary problems

Last week I read Range: Why Generalists Triumph in a Specialized World by David Epstein.  David writes well  I've recommended The Sports Gene as another excellent read.   In Range he talks about real world messy problems that often poorly defined and open-ended.  The really interesting ones usually require a range of backgrounds.  Experts often do worse than generalists.  If you have a group of people, you want a range of expertise and backgrounds.   

 

You've probably heard of Fermi calculations.  Enrico Fermi liked to frame problems in such a way that you might be able to approximate an answer using common sense and a few bits of information.  Things like "how much water flows through the Mississippi River in a year?"  or "how many piano tuners work in New York City?"  They're extremely common in physics and are used to think about how good or bad a conjecture is.  The type of question you can get a handle on in your head or on the blackboard.

 

There are many other approaches to problems. The school where I did my undergrad work has a course that teaches multidisciplinary thinking.  Although it's a physics class, it really isn't about physics - or at least it doesn't have to be.  People get together a couple of times a week for a few hours and a problem is posed to talk about.  Students come from a variety of backgrounds.  What is common is serious motivation and curiosity.  There aren't midterms or finals, but there is a project each student proposes and works on.  They're given some funding and access to other class members, professors and grad students.  And each week they're immersed in the two hour sessions each featuring something that is best approached as a cross-disciplinary problem.  They learn to sort out the various strengths and weaknesses of the other students and the professor.

 

Getting into the course is difficult. About a hundred apply and maybe six are accepted  You have to pass a couple hurdles - problems you spend about four weeks each on showing you can bring a range of thought to the table.  You must show they're capable of cross-disciplinary thinking.¹  A hurdle problem I'm familiar with was  posed as a line from a children's song:²

Mares eat oats, and does eat oaks, and little lambs eat ivy.

The question is:

Considered in an ecological sense, we have three species each of plant and animal life that interact in a finite geographical area. Supposing that we start out this system with roughly equal numbers of the six species, determine the way the system changes with time.

You have four weeks to come up with something clever and compelling.  Then on to the next hurdle.  The class has had extraordinary success over the years and is something of a legend.,

 

Very few people have a great range of background and expertise.  At least in the US we seem to value those who are broad less than those with a very narrow deep expertise.  One of my favorite thinkers was a mathematician some of you knew - Norm. He would sit and listen to ideas coming from a variety of backgrounds.  Later .. a few minutes to a week or two .. he'd stop you and say "Let me see if I understand what you were saying"  Then he'd proceed to give a much deeper and better thought-out version of what everyone had been trying to say, adding his own bit in the process.  Not always, but often enough history or art might be part of the framing.   These sessions were marked by deep play as well as chocolate coated coffee beans.  Play is the glue that allows communication across disciplines .. even if it's in your own head.

 

My own range isn't that great, but Norm and others - friends who have very different backgrounds - have changed the way I think.   I have this habit of "tithing" my time to the projects of friends.  I'm particularly interesting in areas outside of physics and math as I end up learning something and find myself in Norm's shoes at times.   This broader approach of posing and approaching questions strikes me as richer than the traditional expert deep dive as you can always add expertise where you have it when it's useful.

 

I've had a bit of serious insight on a very difficult problem that changed how I saw the world.  Insights came from a forestry program, a couple of sociologists and a professional volleyball player who has a degree in microbiology.  There are dozens of other problems where outside insight has combined with my own contribution to be a bit out of the box. And who would have thought thinking about bats would be just the right analogy for what turned out to be a neurology problem I didn't realize I needed to know about...

 

I don't know if I manage to help others.  If I do it's probably by offering a bit of thinking that might seem novel as their background is different.  At the same time I'm often lost as an outsider in their world until I start working in it for awhile.  I probably don't get very good at it, but it's the diversity that might be useful.

 

I'm very much against the hyper-specialization in STEM focused education we seem to be moving towards.  There's enough change in the world that the humanities, liberal arts and just practical skills are increasingly necessary. There has been some work on teaching cross disciplinary thinking. That strikes me as having great potential. 

__________

¹ As these are freshmen when they work on the hurdles it's interesting to look at their backgrounds. It's a bit of a problem as so few have taken the course, but it's been around for decades.   I won't go into that here, but it's very different from those of kids who focus on standardized tests and assigned activities.  A really interesting question is how much of the ability to acquire cross disciplinary thinking is wired in and how much is learned. I have suspicions, but that's beyond this post.

² Not to be confused with the song "Mairzy Doats and Dozy Doats" from the late 40s:-)  It's sort of a homonymic phrase. 

 

 

heat by chance

minipost 

We still have a bit of snow on the ground - slushy stuff that is partly translucent.  I tried forming someone of it into a sphere.  With clear enough ice and some polishing with your gloves you can make a spherical lens good enough to start a fire.  (from several years ago)  I didn't get there today, but a neighbor asked what I was doing and how could I stand all of that cold going to my hands.  I said it wasn't bad, but that's not what's going on.  Cold isn't moving from the snow to my hands - rather heat is moving from my hands to the snow.  There was a puzzled look.  

It turns out to be easy to understand what's going on and that discovery was part of a revolution taking place in physics at the end of the 19^th century that led directly to quantum mechanics.   It's not some fundamental law, but rather just chance .. nothing deeper than that.

Boltzman figured it out.  You can think of heat in terms of molecules vibrating in a solid or shooting around in a gas.  The more energy they have, the greater this agitation.  Consider a tank of air with a divider.  Make one side hotter than the other.  It's air molecules are zipping around faster than those on the other side.  Remove the divider and the hot and cold gases mix.  (you could do this with liquids or solids - same idea)

It is more probable that a faster moving molecule collides with a less energetic molecule than the other way around.  In the process it leaves a bit of its energy.  Energy is conserved and given enough of these collisions the extra energy in from the faster molecules tends to get equally distributed and everything eventually comes to the same temperature.

At the time it was crazy to think that something as how heat flows might be governed by chance.  It would take years to understand his result.  In the process a very deep understanding of heat would emerge and prepare people for a radical rethinking of what the microworld was. 

In the meantime enjoy the fact that you're heating up a bit of the cool March air when you go outside.

 

 

 

a most remarkable instrument

minipost

Let your spectrum analyzer listen to  middle C on a piano and take a look at what comes out. (guess what?  your smartphone can do it)   Most of the acoustic energy, assuming the piano is tuned to a 440 A is concentrated at a tad below 262 hertz (cycles per second), but other things are going on.  Bursts of energy at multiples of the 262 Hz fundamental  frequency paint the spectrum along with a few other bursts.  The integer multiples of the fundamental frequency are called partial harmonics and the others are inharmonic partials.  Together they form a large part of why a piano sounds like a piano - in fact why a specific piano sounds like that particular instrument - it's timbre.

The time development of a note can be very complex with the distribution of energy in the various harmonics changing as the note decays.   A really nice way to study this is with Fourier analysis.  I gave a crude non-mathematical introduction earlier, but I just came across another beautiful illustration. 

Enter Anna-Maria Hefele .  She's  a remarkable singer who has mastered the art of overtone singing.  Thanks to Richard Feynman's life-long fascination with Tuva you're probably aware of Tuvan throat singing.   Her singing is much richer.  Let's start with her voice as an instrument in this lovely version of H.I.F. Biber's Rosary Sonata 1.

 

and now a graphical look into the flexibility she has ..  simply wonderful!  Such a fine way to show off the overtones.