omenti

a candidate for urban and suburban mobility

I have a serious interest in how we get around.  Currently the tech press seems entirely focused on car sharing and self-driving cars as THE FUTURE™, but those approaches are problematic.  I've spent a fair amount of time highlighting those issues, but rather than drone on for pages and pages I'll recommend a new book from a friend - Elements of Access by David Levinson .. essential reading for anyone trying to make sense of cities and suburban areas.  It's non-technically, fascinating and humorous.  From the about:

 

Transport cannot be understood without reference to the location of activities (land use), and vice versa. To understand one requires understanding the other. However, for a variety of historical reasons, transport and land use are quite divorced in practice. Typical transport engineers only touch land use planning courses once at most, and only then if they attend graduate school. Land use planners understand transport the way everyone does, from the perspective of the traveler, not of the system, and are seldom exposed to transport aside from, at best, a lone course in graduate school. This text aims to bridge the chasm, helping engineers understand the elements of access that are associated not only with traffic, but also with human behavior and activity location, and helping planners understand the technology underlying transport engineering, the processes, equations, and logic that make up the transport half of the accessibility measure. It aims to help both communicate accessibility to the public.

 

Bike sharing is currently experiencing explosive growth in urban areas around the world.  Bikes are very efficient in terms of density - you can put a large number of cyclists on bikes on the street - and energy use.  About eight years ago I measured the cycling energy expenditure of a friend at a little better than 1,000 mpg_e at a shade over a constant 13 miles per hour.¹  An added benefit of cycling is it is good for your health (assuming your path is safe enough) - good enough the both the Netherlands and Denmark factor cycling into their healthcare cost structure as a benefit.   In Northern Europe they've been integrated as an import element of transportation.  Infrastructure, laws and the public accommodate and encourage cycling and it's dovetailed into other elements of transport - bike to the commuter train and then to your office.  But there are issues.

 

First is most people don't ride long distances.  Even the Netherlands, with the highest bicycle use in the world, reports about 76% of commuting trips are less than five kilometers (figure about three miles) and fewer than one percent are longer than 15 km (about 10 miles).  There are many reasons: bikes are too slow/ trips take too long, hills and winds, the weather, long trips and long term use are hard on the wrists, back, shoulder and crotch. 

 

The electrically assisted bike or ebike solves many of these problems..  The speed can be up to twice as fast and hills and wind are much less problematic.  You feel like superman (or woman) on one. They're quite addictive and set to be hugely important in areas that have the right infrastructure - safe path, clueful motorists, parking and charging locations, traffic calming and so on..  not difficult technically or expensive, but change is often difficult. So ebikes are great, but they still have problems for many parts of the world.

 

There are niches where electrically assisted velomobiles could come into play.  Currently the only places you're likely to spot one is the Netherlands, Belgium or  Germany.  They usually have three wheels and a recumbent riding position and have an aerodynamic fairing.  I've seen four in the US - three were made by amateurs and one was a Dutch import.  I tired one and that proved to be an eye-opener. 

 

It was homemade, human power only and very heavy at a bit over forty kilograms. The body rattled and it configuration really needed a suspension.  But wow was it fast!  A human delivers about a hundred watts to the pedals to a bike during light commuting - about the same as what it takes to keep you alive (your brain takes about 20 to 25 watts).  Up to about six miles per hour most of the drag on a bike (or velomobile) is rolling resistance - tires against the ground.  Above that and air resistance becomes more important dominating around 15 miles per hour.  If it takes 100 watts to go about 13 mph, it takes about five to six  times as much power to go twice as fast (eight times as much power to overcome the wind).

 

Now here's something critically important -- the power needed to overcome air resistance goes up as the cube of your airspeed.  A bicycle or ebike has a drag factor nearly fifty times as great as a velomobile.² The homemade design I rode was "dirty" compared to modern velomobiles, but was still probably thirty times better than a bike or ebike.  That made an astonishing difference.  Once rolling, cruising at twenty five miles per hour was easier than fifteen on a bicycle.  

 

Velomobiles are difficult to get up to speed.  Stop and go driving is far from fun.  But the problem vanishes with electric assist plus,  in stop and go  riding you can recover much of that energy using regenerative braking.³

 

Properly executed they offer some protection from the elements and storage space for a few grocery bags.  In cold weather you don't need a heater because you're pedaling away at with about 300 watts of waste heat (a human pedaling a bike is about 75% efficient) - more than enough to heat a small enclosed volume.  In the Summer you can use the motor more and open the lid.  And you can run on the order of a hundred of them with the same amount of energy your family car needs.  It would place a very small load on the grid... so low that no changes would be required.

 

There are issues with infrastructure as they're larger than bikes. You're not going to sling one over your shoulder and carry it up to the office.  It may be they're more useful for longer commutes and suburban use.  You can fit about six of them in the parking space necessary for a car.  Currently non-electricxs are handmade and go from $5,000 to $12,000 - about the price of a high end road bike.  In moderate production that could quickly drop below $4,000 even with electric assist.  

 

The most interesting e-velomobile I've seen is the eWAW from a small company in Belgium. It has a carbon fiber roll cage/frame, very light weight (33 kg with motor and battery) and a very low center of gravity for cornering and stability.  It has a tiny 250 watt motor and a lithium ion battery about three times as big as what's in your laptop.   It will go nearly 100 miles on just battery power.   All of these numbers could be improved, but it's quite impressive as is..  Improving the breed would be a great project for a mechanical engineering class.  Back of the envelopes suggest it could be very safe under 30 mph assuming calmed traffic - potentially safer than a conventional bike.

 

It wouldn't be the best first for all areas .. nothing is.  The US is particularly unfriendly to cycling, but I wonder how this would work in the many cities with populations under 100,000 that often have large areas with 25 or 30 mph speed limits? 

 

Cities are beginning to realize curbspace is some of their most important real estate and I think part of the mix to deal with traffic in the future is to take into account the area a vehicle takes up when figuring out how to charge for road and parking use.  Bicycles are set to capitalize on this. I'd had discussions with two cities in the EU that are thinking in terms of banning cars from city centers and relying on bikes, and in one case, velomobiles, as important elements of access.   It is likely the future will not play out as tech writers suggest it will.

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¹ She isn't an ideal case.. she's very tall and the bicycle had upright handlebars giving her a lot of projected surface area.  Here's an earlier bit on bike efficiency.

² The coefficient of drag or C_d multiplied by the area facing the oncoming air.   On a bike the C_d is 0.8 to 1.0 and the area is about a square meter.  On a velomobile the C_d is generally under 0.15 and the projected area is about a third of a square meter.  You can push much lower.. the human powered land speed record car - the Canadian Eta - has a C_d of 0.03 and an non athlete could easily power it to normal legal highway speeds in the US.  I wrote about it earlier. 

³ Turn the motor into a generator slowing you down and charging your battery.

 

... so excited that they just start farting out light

Years ago one of the neighbor kids, probably about 11 at the time, asked me what fire is.  Sometimes frustrated parents point their question-rich kids at me.  The answer came immediately:

 

fire is what happens when atoms get so excited, that they just start farting out light

 

He cocked his head bit and he gave a  look that managed to combine skepticism with delight.  

 

 Questions are wonderful. The trick is to give a sort of accurate answer that doesn't rely on jargon or experience that the questioner might lack.  Ideally it will stir up a bit of curiosity.  Unfortunately jargon is hard to avoid and even simple terms can be a problem in any field.

 

The terminology problem is a serious issue in communicating the natural sciences. Bedrock explanations can be confusing unless you've devoted a good part of your life to them and the expert considers them easy.   Too much of the  terminology used in physics  - power, energy, quantum, theory, hypothesis, model, significant, natural, data, information, and entropy to start with - have very different meanings to non-specialists.   It is an area where I tend to struggle. 

 

Communicating science is damn hard.  I've become a  fan of better education - that a variety of approaches are appropriate and perhaps even necessary. Lectures and videos often fail because they answer questions before they arise and fail to engage deeply enough.  The printed word and pictures can ignite the thought process, but creating something that is interesting and entertaining is tough.  The best approaches seem to be multidisciplinary with different media types augmenting each other.   

 

A few days ago a strong recommendation for a Kickstarter comic book project on entropy,  I'm not a big comic book fan, but sometimes the right story, artwork and science come together at an accessible level..  

 

They're using artists with real comic book experience, a seasoned writer and a physics consultant who knows a bit about entropy.  I haven't seen the full physics approach but a friend with a Physics Nobel has and gave his seal of approval.   Before writing this I passed this by one of Sukie's friends who does comic books and illustrated children's books for a living.  He liked it a lot.  It will be about 140 pages ...

 

I'm in

 

There are only a few days left and they may not make their all-or-nothing goal, so sign on if you like the idea...   Entropy is widely understood making it a great choice.  If you permit, I'll ramble a bit.

 

A few of you love mechanical clocks.  The quintessential clock has a pendulum swinging back and forth. One of the first things you learn in high school physics is how to compute the period of a swinging pendulum.  Conveniently, at least for small oscillations on the Earth, a quarter meter long pendulum completes its cycle in about a second.   Size matters.  A grandfather's clock is slower still and a Foucault pendulum is majestically slow and it measures the turning of the Earth.    And for fun, why not express your height in terms of the period of a pendulum of the same length?¹

 

A clock of any sort measures the passage of time - a rather curious thing because it only flows in one direction from the past through the ephemeral present and into the future.  This arrow of time tells us the past is not the same as the future.   Completely obvious and hardly worth mentioning except it's connected to some of the deepest questions that exist.

 

When Newton discovered Newtonian physics, the still incredibly useful tool chest we use to describe most of the motion we encounter, there was a bit of a puzzle.  The equations work equally well going backwards in time.  So does quantum mechanics.  Physics at the smallest scale is time invariant.  But that's contrary to what you and I observe.  Outside of our dreams and science fiction we can't go back in time.

 

Entropy is the fly in the ointment.  Roughly speaking it's the measure of randomness, sort of a disorder, in a system.   Take a cup of coffee and a glass of milk.  At the level you and I observe them each is orderly.  Coffee is mostly uniform coffee and the milk is uniform milk.  Each is a low entropy system.  But mix a bit of milk into the coffee and you get wonderfully beautiful and mathematically complex swirls.    You have increased randomness in the system.  It has a higher entropy and by themselves the milk and coffee don't unmix. 

 

As time moves forward the total entropy of the universe increases.  This turns out to the why the past is separated from the future - why causes precede effects - why living things age.  The comic book should tell you more about this.

 

Curiously if you isolate a system and play around with it you can avoid the impact of entropy.  Adding energy to a closed system is one trick.  But a pendulum is very simple.  What if we made a perfect pendulum..  one in a vacuum (no air friction) and with a perfect bearing.  It's motion would be reversible.  Could you make a clock with hands that went backwards?

 

 
A clock is just a machine that turns the motion of the pendulum into a mechanical motion that moves the clock's hands  Tear one apart and you find a nifty little thing called an escapement - a wheel with asymmetrically pointy teeth.  The pendulum is rigidly connected to a two armed piece called an anchor.  It's motion allows the wheel to turn easily in one direction and effectively blocks it in the other.  If the clock was "perfect" the wheel could move the other way just as easily, lifting up and over and local time could move in either direction.

 

You have some of your coffee and let your mind wander.   There's this noise...

 

tick tick tick tick tick

 

That's the clue.  A tooth on the wheel hits the anchor and vibrates transferring a tiny bit of energy to the air making the ticking sound we perceive.  The metal also heats up a small amount.  The heating of the metal and air increase entropy.  The tick of the clock increases the entropy of the Universe a tiny amount.  

 

And there are curious puzzles.  Just after the Big Bang the early universe was very orderly... why?  Early on it must have been like a perfect pendulum or any other system that can move either way in time.  But it didn't and you owe your existence to it.

 

Max the Demon vs Entropy of Doom may be fun.  I hope it makes it's goal.  

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¹ If it's swinging through a small angle you can easily show the period ~ 2Pi(L/g)^1/2, where L is length and g is local gravitational acceleration. If you're six feet tall it works out to a shade over 2.7seconds.  

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Recipe corner

 

Produce is currently spectacular.  I have a deep love for real tomatoes.  Here's a sandwich that marinates a bit.  It was spectacular with great tomatoes and would be awful with what you find in February.   This is just a rough outline so improve!

 

Gooey Tomato Sandwich

 

Ingredients

 

° a pound of ripe tomatoes..  go for heirlooms of a variety of colors. you deserve it.

° 2 garlic finely mined cloves

° 1 tsp capers

° 3 tbl extra virgin olive oil .. the good stuff here

° 2 tsp red wine vinegar

° some red pepper flakes'

° a dozen or so fresh basil leaves 

° a few fresh parsley leaves  (or substitute whatever)

° a really nice fresh baguette or similar fine white bread

° salt and pepper (a good finishing salt is appropriate)

 

Technique

 

° cut the tomatoes into thick slices or whatever shape you want.  Put them in a bowl and season with a bit of salt and pepper

° add everything else except reserve some of the basil and all of the parsley. Toss and let it rest for about ten minutes 

° split the baguette.  Spoon the mixture and it's liquid onto the bottom half of the bread.  Now sprinkle the parsley and reserved basil and replace the bread top.

° cut in to an appropriate number of pieces.. four is about appropriate here.

° cover with a clean dish towel and wait an hour before serving to let everything soak in.

 

 

 

making things and change

Twenty years ago an anthropologist in my department was studying the relationship between teenagers and technologies - specifically how they adapted to new technologies quickly sometimes developing novel uses not seen by the inventors.  She observed that although adults assumed the kids had some natural deep knowledge, in fact the teen models of how the technologies worked was paper thin and often wrong.   The skill was a facility to use the technology.  They were effectively technology idiot savants.  

 

In a way we are all idiot savants with technology.  On the desert island none of us could build even the simplest integrated circuit from sand, let alone something as simple as a steel knife.  Civilization is built on accumulated knowledge with deep knowledge necessary for making being mostly narrow and isolated.  Understanding how and where production methods can be used is essential in any kind of manufacturing. How would you go about making Saran Warp?  How about a glass bottle? Where would hydrodynamic machining be useful?  What are the variations of forming sheet metal?  How do production techniques scale? When do you invest in an entirely new technique?   Making It: Manufacturing Techniques for Product Design by Chris Lefteri is a terrific book.  It isn't very deep - a page or two for a few hundred techniques, but Lefteri's explanations and illustrations are very clear and give a sense of what might be appropriate for a wide variety of products and scales.  As a bonus you'll probably be the only person in your circle who knows about jiggering and jollying.  Go for the 2^nd edition physical book.  The ebook is a disappointment.

 

Which brings us to Tesla.  It was suggested I say something about the 'revolutionary' Model 3 given the fact that about 350 thousand people gave Tesla a thousand dollar interest free loan in exchange for a place in line for a car that hasn't been publicly tested and probably won't be produced in any volume until well into 2018.

 

I don't consider any of the Teslas to be revolutionary.  I don't mean to take anything away from them - their cars are among the best in the world and they've managed to built an incredibly strong aspirational brand.  If you want to make a car in low volume and don't worry too much about cost or making a profit, you can take a route similar to that of the Roadster ..  buy a roller from an established company (Lotus), bolt on an electric power train assembled from off-the-shelf components, bolt on a body and focus the engineering on something that would surprise people.  None of this is easy, but it can be done a few dozen engineers, a few years of hard work, good timing and the right financial backers.  In fact a similar approach is used by many of the few dozen boutique supercar and hypercar makes.  

 

The Model S was an exercise in understanding limited conventional production.  Again there is no innovation (other than perhaps the sales model, but that exists outside of the US).  There were teething problems, but they managed to keep their well-healed customers delighted and focused on performance that is desirable to that nice.  It gives you the ability to build a nearly five thousand pound car that can accelerate nearly any Ferrari or Porsche - although it can only keep up this power level for a very short time before blowing through the battery's charge.  The choice to follow a conservative path was prudent - mixing in innovation would probably have killed the company.

 

Musk has stated his goal is to get other car makers to go electric for the environment.  A noble goal and the other makers will go electric by themselves, but I doubt many people buy Teslas for being green.¹  They're buying the brand.  With the Model 3 the company has to figure out volume production and profitability.  Somehow the plant tour managed to impress the reporters, but it appears to be a rather conventional, albeit new, metal stamping facility.  It can be done - there are several existence proofs, but there are also more than a few failures.  

 

Transportation is enormously complex and has defined the layout and nature of our cities and suburbs.  Commuting takes an average of about an hour out of our day.  Some people are excited by the changes coming with self-driving cars, but general use is quite a way down the road.²  The size and energy use of a car is current fairly rigid and inefficient.  To innovate transportation you need to do something besides the powertrain as that just leaves you with a functionally equivalent vehicle.  Real change is most likely to take place in how cars are made.  After all, the last major innovation in the US came from Toyota in the 70s with high quality vehicles made using just-in-time production and enabled and educated production workers. 

 

Most cars are built using unit-body (monocoque) construction.  Metal is bent and welded together to form a structure that replaces the older technique of bolting a body to a rigid frame.  With proper design both techniques can produce safe vehicles, but unit-body is cost effective only with very large production runs.  A set of dies to make a model goes for about $450 million and has a lead time of over two years.  A maker tries to stretch out a design's life to recover the initial die cost. And this is just for one type of metal. Ford spent something north of two billion on their aluminum F-150.  They'll probably be under a half billion on the next design change, but the material change was a big one.

 

Small production runs still use welded steel frames and increasingly some form of composite construction like carbon fiber.³  There are many ways to do this, but they've been slow and expensive.  The best car production lines have a dwell time of about a minute - no production step can take longer. Carbon fiber has one step that, cure time, that is often measured in days.  Until now that is.  BMW has it down to about five minutes with the i3.  Five minutes corresponds to about 250 cars per day or something around 80,000 per year.  I'd wager five minutes will drop over the next decade.

 

The video (a tip of the hat to Horace Dediu for pointing it out) interviews Sandy Munro, principal at the legendary automobile fabrication cost analysis firm of Munro & Associates on their tear-down of the BMW i3.   They're famous for aircraft and automobile costing analysis - completely tearing down something not only to understand what went into it, but how it was made.  Sandy calls the i3 the today's Model T.  They've torn apart several hundred vehicles and this is the one that blew their minds.

 

BMW's composite tooling for the i3 is costs a third to a quarter as much as conventional unit-body tooling.  It should be quicker to bring a new model on line and you don't need to build a million units to recover your cost.  On the other hand it doesn't scale past 80,000 units per year, but perhaps the design flexibility offered by an electric vehicle offers to make a much wider range of vehicles better targeted to user needs and regions.   BMW mentioned that Apple visited for talks.  It isn't clear where the discussions went, but almost certainly i3 production technique was the central topic.

 

In a decade imagine a smaller electric car (the i1?) that has a top speed of under 35 mph and is only used in an urban environment as part of their transportation infrastructure.  Some European cities are talking about excluding gasoline cars from downtown regions.  Paris' Sunday without cars was wildly popular.   Highly constrained driverless cars will be possible in five to ten years depending on city and how strong new traffic flows can be enforced (think China and a few European cities).  They'd use much less energy to get around and pollution released in the city is little or nothing.  A city like Paris might buy a large number as an extension of their transit system - or perhaps companies would compete.    With maintenance and a modular electronic and battery design they might have a service life exceeding 30 years.  Something like this might be a plausible early major step towards autonomous vehicles. 

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¹ An electric car is a rather poor use of resources if your goal is reducing carbon emissions in the short term.  Given the current mix of electric power generation and localized distribution some parts of the county an electric vehicle is currently counterproductive.  But the advantages, other than limited range, are huge and it makes sense to support early production as the generation mix will hopefully become cleaner with time.  It will take awhile as fewer than ten percent of the fleet is replaced every year.  When unsubsidized prices cars with a 200 mile rang appear there will be an issue with battery production and charging facilities.  All of that will sort out, but production ramps rarely align in complex technologies.

Would I buy a Model 3 or a GM Bolt?  Perhaps.  I've driven several electrics and although I'm impressed none of them currently meet my needs and budget.  We tend to buy cars thinking about the three standard deviation uses.  The sort of thing that makes people who rarely haul things buy a large pickup.  We only have one car, but a 200 mile range certainly covers 99% of our driving.  We could rent for the outliers.  But we'll see...  

If you really want to be green that is a different conversation...  Some of the most cost effective strategies aren't obvious.  

² There will be limited use on clear and low density freeways fairly soon which will probably be followed by restricted very low speed urban use - probably beginning in China in five to ten years. What most of us will see is an increasingly smart car that helps us with the task of driving.

³ Composite covers an enormous range.  As a teenager I made composite model airplane wings with styrofoam/balsa structures.  Carbon fiber usually refers to a carbon fiber reinforced plastic. Lots of flavors, but CFRP - carbon fiber reinforced plastic - is a common variation.

Bicycles point to some of the most interesting CF construction techniques and CF bikes are now the norm in the over $2k class of road bike.   I don't like the ride quality compared with some of the more exotic steel and titanium frames, but that's just personal taste.  There is no arguing with the fact that carbon frames are lighter weight.

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no recipe today, but a comment on energy

 

If you divide the energy used by the country by population you find that the average American uses about 14,000 watts of power around the clock.  An electric range element on high takes about 1,500 watts - so think about almost 10 of them running constantly - that's what the average American uses.   Multiply that by the hours in a day, week or year and you get the energy used for the period.  I've attempted the calculation from the bottom up.  It turns out to be impossible to do accurately - you have to account for the embedded energy in stuff you buy the food you eat and even that used by government - but  with a few assumptions you get in the ball park.  I can account for a rough average of 14 kilowatts and Sukie and I have reduced our individual consumption to about 6,500 watts each.  Europeans tend to be in the 5 to 7 kilowatt range, so our household is sort of European.  It hasn't been easy and it would be very difficult to go lower.

 

Going vegan saves about 500 watts.  Adding 10,000 air miles adds about 1,000 watts.  (think of 15,000 miles of flying as turning on an extra electric element on a range and leaving it on constantly). Using Uber adds as the average Uber car only has a passenger for a bit more than half of the miles driven, plus urban Uber users are statistically shifting from more efficient mass transit.   Upper middle class people tend to go well over 14kW each.  Note I've avoiding talking about how that energy is produced.

 

Now think about the 14 kilowatt level. The back of the envelope way of looking at it is ~ 125,000 kWh of energy a year (a year is a bit under 9,000 hours).  If your electricity is 10 cents a kWh that's $12,500 a year.  Of course electricity is more expensive at the residential level and a bit cheaper at the industrial level.  Plus much of the energy is in the form of hydrocarbons which are less expensive (coal is a couple of cents per kWh).  In any case energy costs are often hidden, but are non-trivial.

  

its a material world

5:25 am - excellent!

 

I brush the last of the snow from my coat and switch on the lights before taking my seat.   A few minutes of silence and then a door opens and closes reverberating for about three seconds.  The clicking of shoes echoes through Warner Hall as she makes her way to the bench.  A minute of preparation and then the Praeludium in G by Bach fills her space and mine.  I sit back and shut all but the Bach from my mind.

 

She is doing an excellent job until - rats.  Bach derails and I sit up in my chair looking around.  A female shout fills the space reverberating for about three seconds

sh*tttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttt!

She goes back a few bars and dances through the problem smoothly.  Now a piece I don't recognize, but it is still clearly Bach until about 6:55.   Her shoes and coat go on and steps click to the door in the distance.

 

And a little magic as a female voice is softly singing Bach.

 

A door opens and closes.  The reverberation is about three seconds and then silence. Time to switch off the amplifiers and make some hot chocolate before getting to work.

 

She was an organ student in Oberlin and I was in a special room in New Jersey where we were working on the reconstruction sound fields.  A special seven microphone array had been installed in the hall with a computer handling compression mixing and compression in realtime.  The bitstream made traveled Eastward to our room where a reasonably convincing illusion of the Hall's sound space was created.  We had created a virtual acoustic reality.¹

 

Pipe organs - the old mechanical 'tracker action' organs - may have been the most sophisticated technology of the middle ages.  Oberlin's Warner Hall organ is a wonderful Flentrop that is ideally suited for Bach - a fact that partially determined where the array went.  Listen to a performance.²

 

The construction of modern tracker action organs hasn't changed much in a half millennia.  Each make has its own special alloys for pipes and techniques that are specific to each company and even to a master builder.  The sounds from the metals and woods of the pipes have distinctive signatures that come from voicing by golden eared experts who reason with the material in quest of perfection.  

 

I have a habit of taking a few weeks at the beginning of each year to learn a bit about something new.  The idea is to get to the point where I can ask questions that aren't completely foolish.  By the end of the two weeks I always feel I know much less about the subject than when I started, but this is sign of progress.  It is a bit like learning a few phrases  in the language of a country you're visiting.  Even if people speak perfect English they appreciate that you've tried.  That becomes a starting point if you want to learn.  

 

Several of these mini sabbaticals have been guided by designers and craftspeople.  Those who know fabrics, metals and woods at an intimate level.  There are amazing properties that we usually don't think about.  How can you put an edge on a knife, how does concrete work, what happens when you bend metal, how do metals influence flavor?  How do you tune the exhaust note of a sports car?  How do you build flexibility and stretch into denim?  Some of this is well studied. Much of it isn't.

 

There is an effort to move beyond STEM education by adding the arts - STEAM or STE[A]M education.  It often involves sensors, lights and some computing power with a few companies appearing to supply and inspire experimenters.    A few brilliant bits have emerged from people like Iris van Herpen and Björk, but most of it is - well - learning and part of a transition  Design languages will emerge and now is probably an exciting time to get involved.  The beauty is that it encourages people to acquire the skills it takes to make things - something that is missing from most K12 programs.³

 

The Maker community is a starting point if you're interested in the intersection of the physical world and technology (mostly computing).  While a great hobby and even a business opportunity for some, I see a path to something deeper.  Most of us are idiot savants with the technology and stuff that surrounds us.  Perhaps this is a path to an evolution of our education that embraces the past and the future and recognizes art and science as active partners with engineering.   Computing and networks are important, but so is the material world and understanding how we relate to it.

 

A goal is to bring together people with a wide range of expertise and create new classes of materials and designs.  Clothing that adjusts itself to local temperature and humidity while remaining comfortable and perhaps even having a wonderful 'feel' and movement.  New ways to make proteins in during cooking to create entirely new flavors.  Building materials that repair themselves.  Fabrication processes that allow individual expression while being inexpensive enough for average people.  Tools and designs that encourage people to add to the design rather than just  consume.  

 

The sky is the limit.  The problem is finding the right spark with enough constraints that collaborations begin to reverberate.  But that is another story...

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¹ There were a number of other experiments in shared acoustic VRs and sound field reconstruction for conferences.  

² The Oberlin Conservatory site has a link to an organ concert in Warner Hall that was covered by the public radio program Pipe Dreams.  Worth a listen!

³ Make: magazine is a good resource.  They're mostly focused on male-centric STEM (mostly T and E) projects, but Make: Volume 43 Feb/Mar 2015 has sections on clothing and wearables.  Adafruit is very woman friendly with supplies and projects to get someone going.

Making It by Chris Lefteri is a brief but excellent book detailing a few dozen techniques and an introduction to the different technques used at a variety of production scales.  Get the 2^nd edition!

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Recipe Corner

 

What happens when you have a can of plum tomatoes and some coconut milk.  Very easy and a nice area for experimentation

 

Tomato Soup with Coconut Milk

 

Ingredients

 

° 2 tbl olive oil

° 1 large yellow onion - chopped

° 1 celery stalk - chopped

° 1 carrot -chopped

° 2 garlic cloves- minced

° 28 oz can peeled plum tomatoes - real San Marzanos are a bonus!

° 2 cups vegetable broth, unsalted preferred

° coconut milk (the stuff in the cans, not the dairylike drink)

° salt and pepper to taste

 

Technique

 

° heat the oil in a pot to a medium heat

° add onions and reduce the heat a bit. Add some salt and reduce the onions until soft.

° add the carrot and celery stirring every now and again for about five minutes.  Add the garlic and cook for another minute.

° pour in the stock and tomatoes, bring to a boil and then cut to a simmer and cover.  Cook for about a half hour

° salt and pepper to taste

° stir in about a half cup of the coconut milk.  (a full cup may be even better)

° serve

 

 

digging in a bit deeper

 

42

 

It was Jean's birthday last week.  When I know someone's age I sometimes send a few examples of where the number comes up.  There was the beautiful Orion nebula M42, a musical based on a street in New York, the atomic number of molybdenum, the critical angle that describes where a rainbow appears and, of course the answer to the ultimate question of life, the Universe and everything.¹  Jean liked the rainbow as anyone should, but today it occurred to me that 42 was a term in an interesting sequence.

 

In number theory there is a set of numbers where the sum of the inverses of the prime divisors plus the inverse of the number is equal to 1.  Not many numbers have this property, but a few do

 

    2  the prime factor is 2:  1/2 + 1/2 = 1

    6 the prime factors are 2 and 3:  1/2 +1/3 +1/6 = 1

    42 the prime factors are 2, 3, and 7:  1/2 + 1/3 + 1/7 + 1/42 = 1

 

Jean's year...

 

The next few terms are 1806 and 47058 which you can verify for yourself, but after that the numbers grow rapidly.  

 

Neil Sloane is a friend from the Bell Labs days who loves integer sequences - as a passion he built and maintains the world's archive of them - OEIS.  I typed in a few terms and there was my sequence - primary pseudoperfect numbers.  So Jean - your age is the third primary pseudoperfect number.  Possibly a catchy tshirt?

 

There are an infinite number of integer sequences - some are incredibly useful and others incredibly obscure.  Math doesn't have a requirement that sometime be useful.  It is nice if it is beautiful and deep, but application to the world is for others to worry about.

 

If you hear the phrase mathematical sequence you probably think about the Fibonacci numbers: 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89, 144 and so on.  The sequence is defined by F_n = F_n-1 + F_n-2 where F₁ = 1 and F₂ =1.²  There are any number of beautiful mathematical properties associated with the sequence and it is often used to describe some constructions in Nature - the patterns of seeds in a sunflower, the spiral of waves,  even the breeding of rabbits.  My eighth grade math teacher loved the sequence and pointed out that the ratio of adjacent terms gets closer to the golden ratio as the series progresses.  For him the golden ratio (φ) was deeply linked to beauty in nature and art.  I remember writing out the first twenty or so terms and taking the ratio watching it slowly move towards 1.6180349...  (it didn't get that close in the first twenty terms).

 

For a several years I thought the Fibonacci sequence defined φ.  Then I saw something and could ask a deeper question.  Here's a start.  Pick a couple of random numbers - for simplicity make them positive integers. Add them and then proceed using the rule X_n = X_n-1 + X_n-2 .. related to the Fibonacci sequence, but you are providing your own seed with the random numbers.  So if I picked 1435 and 3956 the third term would be 5391, the forth would be 9347 and so on.  Do this at least a dozen times and then take the ratio of the last term and that immediately preceding it.  Cute, eh?  If you program you may want to make a simple program that shows the convergence.

 

Now I want to do a bit of math, but the tools to write equations that will render on the range of browsers are awful - so I'll get out a pen and sheet of paper.  Nothing sophisticated, so don't worry.

 

 

Any two integers used as a seed will produce a sequence that converges to the golden ratio.  The Fibonacci sequence is an interesting subset of an infinite number of such sequences.  Math rules. Just play and questions can lead to insight.  Some of these are seen in Nature, but most of the Fibonacci relations are fairly weak.  Oh well...

 

For fun consider Friedman numbers ...  numbers that can be written as a mathematical expression using the digits of the number and simple arithemetical opertions like brackets, +, -, *, / and ^. 

 

25 = 5²

121 = 11²

125 = 5⁽²⁺¹⁾

125 = 21*6

 

many many more.  Some preserve the order of the digits and are called nice Friedman nub:

 

127 = -1 +2⁷

6455 = (6⁴ -5)*5

 

repeating digits are fun

 

99999999 = (9 + 9/9)^{9 - 9/9} - 9/9

11111111111 = ((11 - 1)¹¹ - 1*1)/(11 - 1 - 1)

 

Other than simple 4 digit and smaller numbers I have found very fewon my own, but they have a certain cool beauty.  Check this one out - not only does it have one of all of the digits from 1 to 9, but it is nice.

 

268435179 = -268 + 4^{(3*5 -1^7)} - 9  (note my text editor doesn't allow double superscripting, so I use a power sign)

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¹ If you haven't read or listened to Douglas Adams' wonderful The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy just drop whatever you're doing, get a copy and enjoy.  My favorite version is the BBC Radiophonic play studio recording - your library may have it or you can check the normal places - ahem.  I can't listen to 'The Journey of the Sorcerer' from the Eagle's One of these Nights album without thinking about it.

The quick summary of the number is a group of hyper-intelligent beings build Deep Thought, a special computer designed to come up with the answer to the ultimate question of life, the Universe, and everything... Deep Thought cranks away for about 7.5 million years and gives the answer ---  42.  Of course the hyper-intelligent beings didn't know the question.  Getting at that required building the Earth...

² I'm keeping the convention you probably learned.  In modern usage the sequence starts with 0, so F₀ = 0 and F₁ = 1.

 

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Recipe Corner

 

I had to have some corn soup.  This is a modification of an old recipe I've been using - you can literally make it a heart stopping dish with heavy cream, but the recent version omitted it and was just fine.  It would be better with fresh sweet corn, but this is December and I used a good canned variety.  You might want to think about a garnish if you are serving this.  Roasted corn with cayenne, basil, ...  any number of garnishes would work.

 

Corn Soup

 

Ingredients

 

° olive oil (about 2 tbl)

° 1 bunch leeks, sliced thin

° 2 carrots, chopped

° 3 cups of corn

° 4 cups vegetable broth (homemade is best - unsalted is always the way to go)

° 1/2 cup white wine

° 1/2 tsp cayenne papper

° 1 tsp cumin

° 1 bay leaf

° kosher salt

° freshly ground black pepper

° 3/4 cup heavy cream if you dare

 

Technique

 

° heat a glug (maybe 2 tbl) olive oil over medium heat.  Add the leeks and carrots and sauté until tender.  Add corn and continue to cook until tender/

° Add the wine and bring to a simmer.  Cover and cook until the liquid is almost completely reduced (8 minutes for me) Add the broth and bring back to a simmer.

° Season with the bay leaf, cumin, cayenne, salt and pepper.  Simmer for at least 30 minutes to allow a flavor to develop.

° Remove the bay leaf and purée in a blender or (better) with an immersion blender.  

° Check the seasoning.  If going for a rich soup add the heavy cream here and return to simmer.

° Serve and possibly garnish

 

elements of style

Thomas Jefferson had the reputation of an extreme bibliophile, but was forced to make choices 'only' reading about 7,000 books.    Ben Franklin had a similar information challenge and both men were unable to fully respond to their mail.  They lived at a time when it seemed like a powerful and well connected mind could have a deep understanding of general knowledge, but that was an illusion.  Information growth had become too great for single humans to manage and it had become necessary  to construct filters and trust the filters of others.

 

Today we have something of an information explosion.  Physics occupies a tiny percentage of humanity, but is sometimes citied as an extreme example of information processing.  Single particle physics experiments generate information at over 100,000 times the rate it can be stored.  A carefully designed hierarchy of filters known as triggers identify relevant information and throw away the rest.  

 

Although not as dramatic as a particle physics trigger, most organizations have developed a series of filters - some are carefully considered while others are poorly understood.  We might think of our social and work interactions to be well understood, but in reality they are poorly understood making it difficult to model.¹

 

Our senses are even more overloaded - we live at the bottom of an information well that our brain partially samples and heavily filters to create an illusion, albeit a rich one, of reality.  We tend to trust these personal filters, but careful science shows we are easily deluded and caution is necessary.

 

Filters are central to our relationship with the natural, cultural and machine worlds.  Companies like Google, FaceBook, and many others build filters that may not be aligned with the user interests and it is usually impossible to understand what these filters are.  Some focus on adding value to advertising and attempt to drive consumption and perceptions about our place in culture.  The difference between fashion and style presents an interesting example.  

 

Fashion is the relationship to the external.  It is how you mix and match predefined pieces to show you are part of a larger tribe that is constantly in motion.  It can be expensive or cheap, but is ephemeral.  It allows you to distance yourself from yourself and blend into a cultural tribe.  It is 100,000 people wearing the same jeans, shoes and a tshirt that proclaims 'I am an individual'.  

Style is the relationship to the internal. It is about your sense of self, your identity, your perception of who you are. It is a process of introspection where you ask what is in here and reflect that in what you wear.  The emphasis is on the person rathe rather than popular culture and social norms.  It requires a good sense of self.

 

Jheri and I have an ongoing conversation on the difference between style and fashion.²  With her permission I quoted her definitions from a very long letter describing her continuing journey finding her personal style.  Her body type is unusual enough that nothing fits off the rack.  She described her experimentation with fashion during her teenage years as learning about 'hats, scarves and cheap costume jewelry' as well as what looked good on her friend.  By the time I met her she was having clothing modified, but she was also searching out pieces that expressed her in one way or another.  Pieces that would last a long time.  Her closet is not deep, but her look can be striking and reflects her personality and image of herself.  The image is some out of season boots that were slightly damaged.  The calf width was too large, but she saw something and figured out an usual way to wear them.  She also made a great coat from an old horse blanket that gets  compliments in Paris and Milan.

 

Her definitions refer to clothing, but  could describe anything that becomes part of how we see ourselves culturally.  Recently some of us been talking about distinctions between fashion and style in mobile and wearable electronics down to their user experiences.  The social image you present using a mobile phone in public to the 'naturalness' of the user interface of a device.  There are interesting links to the increasingly divergent paths Google and Apple are taking.

 

Both companies have hired people associated with the fashion industry - Google for the Glass and Apple for a variety of positions.  Jheri works in the industry and is familiar with a few of the Apple hires by reputation.  She notes they deeply understand the difference between style and fashion.  A nimble company can add a fashion layer if they have a good control of design, but going deeper and focusing on style is more difficult.

 

An interesting emerging between the two companies is user privacy (not security, although that is related).³  Neither model is universally aligned with the needs of all users.  People say privacy is important, but most people don't place a high value on it and few understand its implications.⁴   The service they receive is sufficient compensation.  Apple is moving to a higher privacy model taking advantage of a natural alignment as their users are their customers.  The Apple ecosystem requires tight hardware and software integration and is perceived as valuable to many Apple customers - enough that they are willing to allow Apple to have high profit margins.  This division will become even more important as we connect to the things around us - it is just beginning to get interesting. 

 

Filters are a huge issue and are at the heart of our developing computer mediated interactions with each other, machines and information.  We are not having a robust public discussion on the filters stand between us and information and who controls them.  It isn't clear if we will have a discussion and if transparency and control will exist - even in small corners of our world.   This is a big thing - I don't know if it is the next big thing, but it has major implications.

 __________

¹ Trying to understand social filters and develop new filters and even relevant replacement filters is the job Google, FaceBook, OKCupid and other social platforms attempt.

² Style and fashion are often assumed to be the same.  Jheri and others in the industry make the distinction that appears in her definitions.  It would be too diverting to launch into a deeper discussion than the sketch applied here, but the sociology and implications for consumption are fascinating.  

³ A long discussion that would be diverting.  It is important to understand the distinction between security and privacy and  social, hardware and software architectures associated with privacy.

 ⁴ It's Complicated by danah boyd is an excellent introduction to teenage privacy constructs.

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recipe corner

 

Bagel Topology

 

Topology is the study of shapes.  If you have a rubbery coffee mug, you can reform it into a doughnut.  A flexible sheet can't be made into a sphere...  lots of fun things.  

 

It turns out you can cut a bagel and make linked halves.  

 

I learned about this in grad school and have made more than a few over the years.  The trick is to find a very solid bagel and use a good knife.  Make sure you don't stab yourself! - A friend was going to have her cello master's recital, but managed to stab herself cutting bagels during the reception before the concert.  She couldn't play for over a month.

 

This video is much better than any drawings I could make.  

change with be electrified but it will trickle out over a long time

Bob and I would sometimes get in a family car and drive to the top of Gore Hill just to see if we could coast back down the hill to the river.  It was a bit tricky with his dad's old Chevy working better than our family Falcon.  The Chevy was a bit more aerodynamic.  To minimize rolling resistance you would pump the tire pressure up to as much as you thought you could get away with.  Cheap retreaded snow tires in cool weather worked much better than Summer tires.  Early Sunday mornings with little or no traffic and a day with no headwind (strong winds from the West were cheating too).  Turn onto the on-ramp, scan for traffic and the police, clutch-in, shift to neutral and turn the engine off.  

 

We made it twice, but there must have been thirty or forty attempts.  Pure fun.  There was also the ride to Choteau.  It took you through a bit real prairie, a Hutterite colony, fields of hops,  and brought you close to the edge of the Bob Marshall Wildness (know to locals as 'The Bob').  The draw, of course, was Choteau's first traffic light and driving the sixty or so miles from Great Falls to find the next red light was a quintessentially teenage activity in the day.

 

A few decades ago a central coming of age event for many teens in the US was getting a driver's license.  The family car, if you could borrow it, represented  freedom.  Kids with their own cars had status.  Training for the car culture.   As danah and many others have documented, teens were allowed a greater freedom of place and there were places to go.¹  Local malls, parks, even mindless joyrides with friends.

 

While there was real freedom for teens and  families on vacation, the current reality of driving is different.  Cars with over four hundred horsepower and the ability to reach sixty miles per hour in under five seconds are shown driving in fantasy regions that don't exist for most of us. Driving has become a burden and millennials appear to be coming to grips with reality more rapidly than their elders.

 

In the early days of the automobile driving was hallenging to the point of adventure.  Roads were terrible and breakdowns were common.  Mobility was greatly improved and there was the prospect of a changed life.  Madison Avenue figured out how to romanticize the potential with Ned Jordan and the Jordan Motor Company.   Folklore has it that he saw a beautiful woman racing her horse by the train on a trip through Wyoming. He asked the conductor where they were and heard: Oh, somewhere west of Laramie. He penned an ad for the Jordan Playboy which was published in The Saturday Evening Post. I seen it cited as a watershed moment for associating a product with romance rather than the product itself.

... the text of the ad (if it is difficult to read)

Somewhere west of Laramie there’s a broncho-busting, steer-roping girl who knows what I’m talking about. 

 

She can tell what a sassy pony, that’s a cross between greased lightning and the place where it hits, can do with eleven hundred pounds of steel and action when he’s going high, wide and handsome.

The truth is--the Playboy was built for her.

Built for the lass whose face is brown with the sun when the day is done of revel and romp and race.

She loves the cross of the wild and the tame.

There’s a savor of links about that car--of laughter and lilt and light--a hint of old loves--and saddle and quirt.  It’s a brawny thing--yet a graceful thing for the sweep o’ the Avenue.

Step into the Playboy when the hour grows dull with things gone dead and stale.

Then start for the land of real living with the spirit of the lass who rides, lean and rangy, into the red horizon of a Wyoming twilight.

 

That brings us to today.

 

There has been a lot of speculation on the future of cars with speculation on electric power being made necessary by global warming along with advanced like driverless vehicles.  But change comes slowly to the automobile industry - especially when there are new technologies, usage patterns and even notions on what is romantic.

 

Tesla may seem to be at the forefront, but I would suggest they are just making a large and spendy American car.  A very nice car, but an incremental improvement on what the current state of the art.   It isn't particularly green unless you  have a very green power source - wind, solar, hydro, or nuclear.  It may be a beautiful ride that can take you a few hundred miles between charges, but it is nearly two and a half tons of vehicle and physics tells you a automobile's usage pattern is not efficient if you are moving a lot of mass around.²  Of course the tailpipe emissions of an electric are a big plus and a certain status attached, but this is not an innovation.³

 

Currently there are about a billion cars on the road. In areas where usage is close to saturation there is  a great deal of resistance to change even though the need for change seems clear. Infrastructure is expensive to change, new manufacturing processes are difficult to scale, regulations are difficult to adjust and, perhaps most of all, people have a deeply routed idea of what a car is.

 

Change seems much more likely in the next billion cars that will mostly go into the developing world.  There are also some interesting niches where automobiles have reached their limits and have lost much of their practicality - dense urban areas.

 

Google recently announced a new prototype of their self-driving car.  Previously they've modified existing family cars and have driven them mostly in suburban environments.  There are several important points.  The areas where this can be used are tightly constrained - it has a 40 km/h speed limit, about 25 miles per hour.  That means passenger crash protection is much cheaper and lighter.  The car can be very light - perhaps 500kg or so in final form.  This, combined with its top speed and a reasonable range means you could get away with less than ten horsepower. It is a plug-in electric.  At this weight in common urban driving patterns the battery could be  small and the drive train would probably be less expensive than a conventional high efficiency internal combustion engine.  Maintenance of a pure electric vechile  is much lower than that of a conventional car and lifetimes can be much longer.  Finally the self-driving only nature of the car means, combined with a dense urban area, means it is practical to go to a car sharing ownership model.  It is likely companies or local governments will own and maintain the vehicles.⁴  You'll just buy the transport you need.  Think of it as a more efficient and less expensive taxi.

 

Google loves to show off their exploratory work and it the publicity appears to be part of building and maintaining their mystique.  They're hunting for new businesses that will take them beyond peak growth in search and ad revenue.  There are many possibilities and they're throwing a lot of darts at the wall.  This is one of those darts. It seems reasonable to me that we could see small sized electric self navigating cars in a few urban and even suburban environments in the next three or four years.  Moving to the North American notion of what an automobile's job is happens to be much more complicated and will wait much longer.  

 

There will be a lot of competition in this area as a dozen other companies have projects investigating the same space.  The megacity car for developing countries is likely to be the growth path for automobile companies - you've know some of the names, but it also seems likely there will be major players that aren't building cars at this point and may not exist yet. The history of technology suggests that the people who work on technologies that eventually become major innovations rarely are those who dominate the innovation stage.

 

I've burned up my hour without saying much about the efficiency of electric versus internal combustion power trains, how mass and aerodynamics get involved and why physics may dictate where change first appears.  Fodder for the next post.

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¹ Much has been written on the increase in the structure of teenage lives.  It is a core theme in danah boyd's new book  It's Complicated, which is a must read for anyone interested in the sociology of computer mediated communications.

² If you really want to optimize your carbon emissions there are many other uses for your money than buying an electric car given the cost differential.  Better to reduce your driving and flying, insulate your home, and so on.

³ Tesla is working on two potential innovations.  One is breaking the dealer-based car sales model in the US and the other is the widespread use of stationary batteries to augment a slightly smarter grid and allow a much greater penetration of intermittent alternative energy sources.  

⁴ I have problems with the term 'sharing economy' and only use it to give a general idea of how this might happen.  Many models will probably be tried and there is a good chance the best model for New York City would be very different from Madrid or Shanghai.   Rather than write something on 'sharing economy' I'll link to a piece by Susie Cagle... I'm roughly in her camp.

 

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 Recipe Corner

 

To own a dish you need to make it a lot - perhaps dozens of times so you can understand how it works as ingredients change in taste and freshness as well as discovering some new tricks.  One of the dishes I love is an afghan lentil soup that tried to equal that of a few restaurants.  I like it better than any of the restaurants now.  

 

The key ingredient is the dried sour plums.  You can find them in major cities like NYC, but I use Fastachi in Boston as a reliable mailorder supplier.  Dried sour plums are one of those revelatory ingredients that can kick off some interesting experiments.

 

 Afghan Red Lentil Soup with Sour Plums

 

Ingredients

° 4 tbl  extra virgin olive oil

° 2 medium-large yellow onions minced (it is a bit different and also good with red onions)

° 6 large garlic cloves minced

° 6  cups water (may need to add more)

° 2 cups red lentils (cleaned!)

° 1/2 tsp red pepper

° 1 tsp turmeric

° 16 dried sour plums - a good source is Fastachi  

° non-iodized sea salt to taste, after freshly ground black pepper to taste

Technique

° saute onions and garlic in olive oil until the onions are golden

° add water, plums, spices and salt and bring to boil

° cut heat to medium and add lentils and stir

° cut heat a bit more and cover

° cook 40-45 minutes - stir regularly and add water as necessary

° puree it and season to taste (it can take a lot of black pepper and it is important to note that black pepper ages quickly)

° serve with a warm, crusty bread.  The soup does improve with time.

 

moving heat

Our Winter has been impressive.  The ice on the local pond is nearly strong enough to support a person.  Yesterday an epic storm gave an excuse to enjoy the season.  I ended up getting very wet and cold, but for whatever reason you learn to love the Winter if you grow up in a place like Montana.  The season is a good time to sit back and read.  Last night as I tried to see if I could still remember a favorite poem by Robert W. Service, I remembered a great short story by Ambrose Bierce.¹

 

In 1933 the Tuscany tied up at a dock in Calcutta with a most unusual cargo.  Financed by Frederic Tudor, it was a dramatic proof of concept of an idea that seemed daft when originally proposed.

 

A few decades earlier Tudor had one of those consuming ideas.  He didn't have any experience in science or engineering, but he became fascinated by the New England practice of cutting pond and lake ice during the Winter and storing it for months in straw insulated underground ice houses. Often the ice would hold out as long as July and be sold at a profit.  He reasoned that ice could be insulted and put on fast boats to the Caribbean and sold to the landed gentry to chill their drinks.  Armed with an enthusiasm that others considered a lack of common sense, Tudor bought a brig and hired a crew to cut ice from a place near Walden Pond.  

 

The Favorite set sail on February 10, 1806 from Boston to Martinique with its cargo of frozen water insulated with straw.  Much of the ice survived the 1,500 mile journey, but he had neglected to build an insulated ice house on the receiving end and most of the cargo melted resulting in a big loss.

 

The papers caught wind of the loss and Tudor became a laughing stock.  The whole notion created cause for story telling.  Decades later Ambrose Bierce got into the act:

 

 

The Failure of Hope and Wandel

by Ambrose Bierce

 

From Mr. Jabez Hope, in Chicago, to Mr. Pike Wandel, of New Orleans, December 2, 1877.

 

I will not bore you, my dear fellow, with a narrative of my journey from New Orleans to this polar region. It is cold in Chicago, believe me, and the Southron who comes here, as I did, without a relay of noses and ears will have reason to regret his mistaken economy in arranging his outfit.

To business. Lake Michigan is frozen stiff. Fancy, O child of a torrid clime, a sheet of anybody's ice, three hundred miles long, forty broad, and six feet thick! It sounds like a lie, Pikey dear, but your partner in the firm of Hope & Wandel, Wholesale Boots and Shoes, New Orleans, is never known to fib. My plan is to collar that ice. Wind up the present business and send on the money at once. I'll put up a warehouse as big as the Capitol at Washington, store it full and ship to your orders as the Southern market may require. I can send it in planks for skating floors, in statuettes for the mantel, in shavings for juleps, or in solution for ice cream and general purposes. It is a big thing!

I inclose a thin slip as a sample. Did you ever see such charming ice?

From Mr. Pike Wandel, of New Orleans, to Mr. Jabez Hope, in Chicago, December 24, 1877.

Your letter was so abominably defaced by blotting and blurring that it was entirely illegible. It must have come all the way by water. By the aid of chemicals and photography, however, I have made it out. But you forgot to inclose the sample of ice.

I have sold off everything (at an alarming sacrifice, I am sorry to say) and inclose draft for net amount. Shall begin to spar for orders at once. I trust everything to you--but, I say, has anybody tried to grow ice in _this_ vicinity? There is Lake Ponchartrain, you know.

From Mr. Jabez Hope, in Chicago, to Mr. Pike Wandel, of New Orleans, February 27, 1878.

Wannie dear, it would do you good to see our new warehouse for the ice. Though made of boards, and run up rather hastily, it is as pretty as a picture, and cost a deal of money, though I pay no ground rent. It is about as big as the Capitol at Washington. Do you think it ought to have a steeple? I have it nearly filled--fifty men cutting and storing, day and night--awful cold work! By the way, the ice, which when I wrote you last was ten feet thick, is now thinner. But don't you worry; there is plenty.

Our warehouse is eight or ten miles out of town, so I am not much bothered by visitors, which is a relief. Such a giggling, sniggering lot you never saw!

It seems almost too absurdly incredible, Wannie, but do you know I believe this ice of ours gains in coldness as the warm weather comes on! I do, indeed, and you may mention the fact in the advertisements.

From Mr. Pike Wandel, of New Orleans, to Mr. Jabez Hope, in Chicago, March 7, 1878.

All goes well. I get hundreds of orders. We shall do a roaring trade as "The New Orleans and Chicago Semperfrigid Ice Company." But you have not told me whether the ice is fresh or salt. If it is fresh it won't do for cooking, and if it is salt it will spoil the mint juleps.

Is it as cold in the middle as the outside cuts are?

From Mr. Jebez Hope, from Chicago, to Mr. Pike Wandel, of New Orleans, April 3, 1878.

Navigation on the Lakes is now open, and ships are thick as ducks. I'm afloat, en route for Buffalo, with the assets of the New Orleans and Chicago Semperfrigid Ice Company in my vest pocket. We are busted out, my poor Pikey--we are to fortune and to fame unknown. Arrange a meeting of the creditors and don't attend.

Last night a schooner from Milwaukee was smashed into match-wood on an enormous mass of floating ice--the first berg ever seen in these waters. It is described by the survivors as being about as big as the Capital at Washington. One-half of that iceberg belongs to you, Pikey.

The melancholy fact is, I built our warehouse on an unfavorable site, about a mile out from the shore (on the ice, you understand), and when the thaw came--O my God, Wannie, it was the saddest thing you ever saw in all your life! You will be so glad to know I was not in it at the time.

What a ridiculous question you ask me. My poor partner, you don't seem to know very much about the ice business.

 

Most people would abandon the ice shipping business, but Tudor pushed ahead and secured a monopoly in Cuba and built an ice house in Havana.  The first trip to Cuba was still a loss, but close enough to success that he was encouraged.  He gave away ice samples in bars hoping to create a demand and tried again.  And again.  And again.  In six years he had lost enough to land in debtor's prison.  

 

A normal person might give up hope, but Tudor was learning with each failure.  He became something of an expert in practical thermodynamics and realized heat flows from warm to cold regions rather than the other way around and that he needed to be concerned with conduction and convection.  He worked out that sawdust was a much better insulator and that there was a need for cutting the ice smoothly so it could be packed tightly in the ship's hold. He began to turn a profit. 

 

By the time the Tuscany made it to Calcutta Tudor was a wealthy man. Shipping ice had become practical, but a disruptive invention appeared about the same time and was perfected enough in the next several decades to mostly eliminate seasonal ice storage and long distance shipments.  

 

Short distance shipments were still needed through the 1930s as businesses and people had ice boxes to chill their food. Refrigeration at the home scale began to become practical in the 20s and 30s.²  My mother remembered deliveries from the ice man during the depression when they could afford it but a home refrigerator was well beyond their means.  She knew she wanted one and it was a future she was counting on.  

 

Fortunately the family couldn't afford an early model as the units used toxic refrigerants.³  DuPont introduced Freon in the late 20s and over the next decade home refrigerators became much safer - at least within the home.

 

The development of refrigeration has a curious history if you are inclined to reading about emerging technologies.  A guy named Clarence Birdseye was another one of those curious people who made a dent in the way we live.  Mark Kurlansky's recent biography is a more than fun read.

 

Refrigeration is usually accomplished by removing heat from a refrigerant and then allowing what you need chilled to come in thermal contact with that material.  The process is inefficient takes a lot of energy.  A great way to heat a room is to open the door of your refrigerator and freezer.  A heat pump cools the outdoor air (or water) with the "waste" heat being used for heating.  For those that live in an area with the right climate it can be a very efficient way to heat a house.

 

There are a number of neat ways to cause extract heat from a substance.  There isn't time to do anything but list a few:  ultrasonic freezers have been investigated - Ben and Jerry's even toyed with the concept with Penn State, thermoelectric refrigeration has seen some use and you may have one to take beer and sandwiches to the game,  laser cooling is used to reach extremely low temperatures and magnetic refrigeration has been a holy grail for some for about 130 years.  It always impresses me how the fundamental understanding of many physical processes precedes even early engineering attempts by a long time.  Scientists and their funders often have no idea what a fundamental discovery might be good for and even those who make early practical implementations often miss how their invention will be used.

 

The other trigger for this post was a video from GE on their current prototype of a magnetic refrigerator.  In theory this could be more efficient and environmentally benign than the compressor based units in your house and car.  Traditionally this required an expensive rare earth, but people have been focusing on less expensive alloys...  Perhaps you'll buy one in twenty years.

 

 

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¹ Robert W Service wrote poems that are particularly attractive to Middle School age kids.  Jeri and I can both recite The Cremation of Sam McGee - the quintessential 7^th grade poetry experience in parts of Montana and a great read during the Winter.

² One of the first refrigerators came from Frigidaire in the late teens.  In 1922 a home model with nine cubic feet of space sold for about twice the price of a Model T Ford - perhaps half a good middle class income.  It was temperamental and required special plumbing for its water cooled compressor as well as the availability of electricity - something that was rather expensive at the time for an appliance that was always running and using a lot of power.  

³ Most of the early refrigerators used sulphur dioxide as the refrigerant and leaks caused blindness and skin burns.  The other major refrigerant was methyl formate, which was even worse.    

 

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Recipe Corner

 

It turns out much of the quality of ice cream is determined by the size of the ice crystals that form in it during freezing.  Large crystals form if the churn-freeze phase is slow - you want to quickly and uniformly move as much heat as possible from the ice cream mixture.  I find getting a freeze in ten minutes or less works out fairly well and it is useful if you "season" the newly churned batch in the coldest possible temperature.  Unfortunately setting your freezer to -10°F or colder can cause expensive mechanical failure (guess how I learned?  I shoot for -5° to 5°F these days in interest of avoiding $500 repair bills).

The best home results are probably obtained with a fairly spendy dedicated ice cream freezer, but nothing under $1,000 will beat a conventional salt and ice churn.  I recommend White Mountain, having gone through three lessor freezers over the years.  If you have kids a hand crank is fun, but if you don't I recommend a motor.  There is some fun instrumentation hacking you can get into if you are so inclined.

I was interested in great ice cream and can't afford a commercial blast freezer.  The trick is to use a lot of liquid nitrogen (you can use dry ice, which is easier to obtain and somewhat safer, but if you are crazy enough for that you might as well go all the way). To do so you'll need a supply of LN₂ and a dewar.  Advanced cooks are beginning to use dewars as LN₂ is useful for other food preparation, but we're talking exotica and you can seriously injure yourself if you aren't careful.  So I'll just say I've had excellent results mixing by hand as well as pouring the LN₂ into a Kitchenaide.  A "home" LN₂ ice cream freezer a great engineering class project or even a Kickstarter idea (hint, hint - Jan and Jeff).  I use thick rubber gloves, goggles and a heavy long sleeved shirt when making the stuff.  I used to be able to get access to a dewar and LN₂ where I worked, but that was a long time ago.  Now I need to borrow a dewar elsewhere and find liquid nitrogen at a welding supply.  I generally try to have about 4 or 5 liters of LN₂ on hand for a liter of ice cream.  The process is very mad scientist and impressive.  No more detail as you really need to know what you're doing to go this route, but the ice cream is amazing.

Currently I use an old dedicated Italian freezer - a very small compartment and an oversized refrigeration unit.  It does almost as well as a White Mountain churn.  Guests get to lick the dasher.

 

This is  a very simple and good french vanilla - a good starting point for experimentation.  Of those that use eggs I tend to prefer the non-custards .. eg - raw eggs are used.  This is ok if you can pasteurize your own eggs or find a source.  I used to do it myself, but now use Safest Choice.  These are also useful if you sample cookie dough:-)

 

Simple French Vanilla Ice Cream

 

Ingredients

 

° two large pasteurized eggs (eggs are probably fairly safe, but I strongly recommend pasteurized eggs for anything raw or undercooked)

° 400 g white cane sugar

° 2 cups whipping cream - try to stay away from ultra-pasteurized cream as the flavor isn't as good

° 1 cup whole milk - also stay away from ultra-pasteurized

° 2 tsp high quality vanilla extract (you can also scrape vanilla beans)

 

Technique

 

° whisk the eggs in a bowl until they are light and fluffy

° whisk in the sugar a bit at a time until completely mixed

° pour in the liquids and whisk to blend the mixture

° churn freeze to the manufacturer's instructions

 

 

a 1620 japan and a bicycle

During the last Winter Olympiad, almost exactly four years ago, a  friend was rewarded with a special bicycle.  Thinking about this and watching Sage Kotsenburg take the gold in Slopestyle triggered a few thoughts.

 

Colleen is one of those people who goes out and just does it. She was worried about climate change and the fact that many American kids are out of shape.  Both are enormous problems that require efforts at many levels and she saw encouraging children to learn how to garden and use their bicycles more as a project she could take on.  Trek, a large American bicycle maker, agreed and created a very special bike in recognition of her work.

 

It turns out the bike had to be special as Colleen happens to be unusually tall with much of it in her legs.  Tall enough that normal bikes don't allow a comfortable and efficient riding position.  Most of us can get a good fit by finding a frame size and geometry that is a reasonably close fit and then having a professional fiddle around and make everything perfect.  But a few people are better served with a made to measure frame.   The final result was a learning experience and was delivered with a beautiful paint scheme.¹

 

At the time Colleen had just retired from professional beach volleyball.  Up until then much of her life had been defined by sport.  Before the beach she was professional indoor player in Italy and the Netherlands and before that an All-American in college.  She grew up as one of those kids that you would chose first for your teams.  Athleticism, drive and the height for some sports.  A natural.

 

Sage Kotsenburg is a natural.  Perhaps and extreme natural.  It turns out he had never attempted the trick that took him to the top of the podium - 1620° of rotation with several complex moves along the way .. . the 1620 Japan.  No one else had attempted anything like this either.  It came to him three minutes before he pushed off on his run.  It also turns out he hadn't been in a gym since September.

 

Most of us can participate in sport at some level.  At many levels  of participation passion and practice - what might be called drive - often determine outcomes.  Many of us remember that 5'9  star on their high school basketball team.  But as the level of competition increases and athletes become more elite, drive alone no longer cuts it.  

 

A sport often selects not only a specific body type, but also muscle type, the ability to process oxygen, reaction time, vision, and even the ability to visualize.²  Body type is easy to pick out short track speed skaters tend to be short with low centers of gravity and exceptionally low amounts of body fat.  Elite gymnasts and divers are compact - physics dictates this as it is difficult to accelerate long limbs.  Cycling road racers are mostly between 5'8 and 5'11, swimmers have long torsos and short legs, basketball players are remarkably tall, and Sumo wrestlers are not exactly thin.

 

Some, but not all of the positions, in indoor volleyball favor height.  Jumping ability, vision and "court sense" are also important and Colleen had those so volleyball was a natural sport.  Beach volleyball, on the other hand,  only has two players and is not quite as specialized.  Height is still extremely useful, but so is acceleration and Colleen's limbs are too long to accelerate quickly.  She worked on improving as much as she could, but physics gets in the way.  The trick was to find a lightning fast partner.  But it is also important that both players have the other gifts required for the sport, so the search was difficult.

 

David Epstein's The Sports Gene: Inside the Science of Extraordinary Athletic Performance is, in my opinion, the best science book of 2012.³  It focuses on elite athletes with some of the best non-technical explanation on why most of the best long distance runners are from a small part of Kenya and most of the best sprinters are from a small area of Jamaica.   There is insight on the dramatic increase in female athletic performance, why 10,000 hours of training is bunk as there is a genetic component to how we respond to various types of training.   There is even the story of a true super-baby.  

 

Epstein has an easy, almost conversational, style and I'd recommend his book to anyone with an interest in sport, to anyone with a kid who does sports, and to anyone interested in a readable "it's not as simple as nature vs nurture" science book for non-specialists.  A perfect companion book for the Olympics - the story on XC skiing will completely amaze you.

 

That's one book...

 

Colleen's physical appearance makes her fascinating to kids. Combine this with her work as a professional athlete and she reasoned she might be able to inspire some to bike to school and to work in a community garden.  She geared up and set to work.  Work that was much more difficult than first imagined.

 

There was a fly in the ointment.   Parents objected to such "dangerous" activities.

 

People are terrible as assessing risk.  The notion of risk has been blown out of proportion.   Sadly the American response is one of fear and this is amplified when children are involved.

 

Teens exhibit dramatically different online behavior from adults  Some have labeled them digital natives - implying they have a very different relationship with technology and communication itself.  That they are somehow different and many other things follow from that. 

 

The general public's use of the Internet dates to the mid 90s.  About that time my Human Computer Interface department began to study networked behavior in teens and twenty somethings.  Some of us were studying usage data and others were conducting ethnographic studies.  It was noted teens weren't naturally adroit at understanding the new technologies.  They could use some of the technologies, often finding uses not envisioned by the creators, but an understanding of the technology was rare.  One described teens, in fact most non-technical users of technologies, as technology idiot savants. 

 

It's Complicated: the Social Lives of Networked Teens by danah boyd is my second recommendation.⁴  danah is a social researcher who has been interested in teens and their use of the Internet for well over a decade.  She's done a large number of interviews carefully asking questions and listening as a proper ethnographer does.  And she asks good questions, thinks and then continues to listen at a deeper level.

 

Her book tackles a very complex subject.   Teens and adults are both human and, as such, desire social contact.  Adults have an easier time finding high quality contact, but teens are experimenting and learning and are effective limited by adults and social constructs.  There is a huge perception gap between the two groups.  Contrary to popular opinion teens strongly prefer real face to face interaction, but opportunities are vastly reduced from what they were a generation ago.  To get some social contact they are forced to knit together online interactions using available tools - often in ways and for purposes different from what the tool inventors and service providers envisioned.  

 

Privacy is important, but takes on different meanings.  Teens employ many novel approaches with varying degrees of success.  There is a deep misunderstanding on the part of adults.  The same extends to online safety and the adult natural fear and over-protective nature feed the problem.  Conversational context is a deep issue that adults frequently don't consider.

 

As many of you know I have issues with some popular terms.  One is digital native and I agree with danah's position.  The term is so general as to be non-descriptive and, out of context, overly confusing.⁵

 

danah has a nice chapter on bullying and the asymmetry between teen and adult use of the term.  Her definition for bullying is, I think, particularly useful - particularly when one considers online behavior.  And speaking of useful, a regular reader of this blog will see her book on dealing with bullying published shortly.⁶

 

In summary It's Complicated is an enjoyable and an important book for anyone with teens, soon to be teens, and anyone who involved in networked services and applications - building, growing or investing.  I'd love to hear the reactions of teenagers.  danah's style is very readable for such a technical subject and I can hear her voice as I read it.  She manages to get across the notion of what a public is as cleanly as I've seen it done without getting into the weeds.  

 

And no - I'm not very optimistic on seeing any growth in teenage use of Facebook.  The story of Myspace to Facebook is fascinating and has some fascinating roots in race, social class and design.  There are some interesting echoes in the design of Microsoft, Google and Apple products.

 

So much more, but this is a deep and complex subject and going further than a brief bit of bait is inappropriate unless I was to write a few chapters.  I'd probably do that, but I'm not a good writer and danah is deep -  you need to read it.  

 

You could do far worse than to read both of the books. Both were good enough that I read them front to cover in a single session.  Not good for sleep, but there are times when you ujust can't put a book down.

 

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¹ Most bike geometries are made for a range of male proportions, but many can be adjusted for female riders.  In the past decade women's specific designs have appeared that can give better fits and a much more comfortable ride.  Colleen's height puts her past the normal range for most men's bikes, plus her proportions dictate a different geometry.   The photo shows her on a production bike where an attempt has been made to get a fit - approximately wrong.  In the end the final result of the Trek exercise is in the range of a 70 cm steel frame.

Made to measure frames are easier to find these days as there are a number of excellent small bike makers in the US.  Many of them use the same CAD tool that helps dictate geometry.  If you are a woman and need a custom frame it is best to seek out someone who understands the somewhat different requirements.  In this case some completely new design was required. 

Stay away from mail order and big box stores if you are looking for a bike.  The best best, even for a very garden variety ride, is to consult with someone who can listen to your needs and, combined with your measurements, find something that you'll be happy with.  The good shops tend to be bicycle-only.  The great ones will send you elsewhere if the right bike is one they don't happen to carry.

² I haven't seen a competitive sport that requires smell and taste ...  perhaps a challenge for someone.

³ I won't give a direct link.  Most of the books I buy these days are ebooks.  The default for most people is Amazon, but I prefer the readability and layout of Apple's iBook reader.  Prices differ on the various stores.  The Sports Gene goes for the same at both stores, but the next book I note is significantly less expensive from Apple.

⁴ I have an early copy - it should be out by the end of February.  danah spells her name without capitals.  

⁵ I'm neither techno-utopian or techno-dystopian.  The term digital native was used by techno-optimists in the 90s to paint a paritcular future that was something of a belief and hasn't panned out.   It may have some utility in certain contexts, but it don't work for general use.  I remember talking with danah on the subject ten years ago when we were chatting about overloaded language and the Internet.  Both of us are in the techno-realist camp ...  go out into the wild, look and measure first.

I worry the phase space for dystopias is much larger than that for utopias and hope we can move the realistic world more towards the utopia space.  That demands an enormous amount of thought and effort.  Even a good enough path does not emerge on its own accord.

⁶ I only know a working title which I think is Don't Let the Bullies Ruin Your Life by Uche Nnoka.  I've seen a very early draft and it looks useful.  Her definition of bullying strikes me as aligned with danah's.

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Recipe Corner

 

 

A nice tofu soup that is perfect for a cold Winter day and just seems healthy

 

Tofu Soup

 

Ingredients

 

° 1 tbl good quality olive oil

° 1 medium onion sliced thinly

° 3 celery stalks sliced thinly

° 6 to 8 garlic clove sliced thinly

° 2 tbl granted ginger 

° 1/2 to 3/4 tsp finely ground white pepper (white is important here!)

° 1-1/2 cup mushrooms

° 8 oz firm or extra firm tofu, sliced in thin slabs ...  get the good stuff at an Asian market

° 2 tsp sea salt

°  scallions chopped for garnish.  watermelon radish is great and I've microwaved frozen peas and used them with good success

 

Technique

 

° put the oil in a pot over medium heat and sauté onion, celery, carrots, garlic, and ginger 'til they are soft.  don't let them brown.  You may need a bit of water if the veggies aren't very wet and dry out in the process

° stir in the white pepper and about 10 cups of water, bring to a simmer and let it perk away for about 15 minutes

° add the mushrooms, tofu and salt and continue to simmer for another five minutes or so

° adjust with salt if needed

° serve in bowls with the toppings (scallions and some watermelon radishes or whatever) and drizzle with a bit of olive oil

 

 

 

 

 

metastable states, richard milhous nixon and the apparel business

Curiosity about apparel and fashion have become something of a hobby and I'm putting together some thoughts for a talk to people with a lot of background knowledge.  In thinking about possible trajectories, I've been spending some time looking at how we got to where we are - not only has their been a dramatic move to mass produced apparel, but there has been a dramatic shift towards very low cost production, low quality clothing and shrinking delays between design and delivery.  I won't go into much of that, but something really interesting happened during the 70s - a period when several forces conspired to rapidly accelerate change in both the industry and the consumer.  But first a bit on metastable states.

 

Consider a landscape that is flat on the left moving towards some hills as you move to the right.  An object under the influence of gravity will move to the lowest point.  A ball that finds itself on the plain won't magically move up the hills.  If the ball is in the valley labeled b it won't move to the plain or the valley c unless you give it a kick.  Even though  being on the plain is theoretically more stable, it is stuck in  a stable stable.  If I get it a kick to the left it can roll up the little hill and then zip downward.  Likewise a harder kick to the right could land it in valley c.  a, b and c are all stable - the overall system has three metastable states.  The ball can only move from one to the other if some outside kick is applied.

 

In the early 70s Richard Nixon was faced with several trade issues.  Cheap imported clothing from Taiwan, Japan, Korea and a few other countries were on the radar screen as American apparel companies folded under intense competition.  Nixon had positioned himself as a hero of the American worker and ginned up multinational support with European countries that having similar problems and a massive trade agreement - the Multifiber Agreement or MFA - was signed.  

 

South Korea and the others suddenly had a big problem.  Enormous factories and production capacities far beyond the trade limits.  The MFA was killing their business.  But it was a very complex and targeted agreement and, in that focus, came a way out.

 

About this time a few people in Pakistan were frantically looking for new businesses to pull the country out of total poverty. A chance meeting took place with Daewoo in South Korea and an agreement was hammered out.  The MFA quota was specific to South Korea, but didn't say anything about Pakistan - after all - Pakistan was a basket case.  

 

Daewoo set up a facility in Pakistan and trained Pakistani managers.  Problem solved.  Similar agreements were made between other pairs of countries and the spiral to the lowest cost producer ramped up.  

 

Nixon, in trying to focus so tightly, had supplied just enough energy to kick the ball up the hill so it could roll into another valley.  The system had been perturbed and settled into a new metastable state. And other influenes were being felt.

 

Container shipping was emerging as as a way to move massive amounts of goods to ports around the world at very low costs.  It was often more expensive to ship clothing within the America than from Pakistan to an American port.  People began to get used to cheap apparel - it wasn't made very well, but cheap trumped all and closets began to fill.

 

The impact of the shift started to take its toll on American firms, but now Reagan President and he had little appetite for protecting union workers.  Buying patterns were changing.   Companies like Daewoo moved upscale, but did so with high production and lower quality.  What was being marketed as mid-quality wasn't built to the standards of a decade earlier.  Vintage boffin Jheri notes you don't find much that is newer than 1980 - the quality had dropped so much that little of it is worth repairing.  

 

Clothing had become an expendable.  There is an interesting connection between this and the notion of what fashion is.  Fashion was now being dictated more than assembled and marketing changed instep.¹  This continues to accelerate and now we are in the era of fast fashion - where a design can move to production in a few weeks and to the shelfs in six weeks by boat or almost immediately by air.  There are so many rich threads (pardon the pun) and now, with entry of a few new technologies and rich "word of eye" communications on the Internet, we may be on the edge of a new major change.  It will take time to move a $1.7T industry ($350 to $400B in the US), but there has been massive change in the recent past.  

 

Perhaps the industry will get excited to the point where a new metastable state (or states) will be found...

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¹ The history is much more complex and interesting than this - consider this a 100 mile view.  There are a number of fascinating books on the subject.  For the current state I recommend Overdressed by Elizabeth Cline and for the current state of production and a bit of history try The Travels of a T-Shirt in the Global Economy by Petra Rivoli.  Jheri thinks about this quite a bit and has a guest post here.

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Recipe corner

 

A winning pecan pie that isn't as supersweet as those made with karo syrup.  I realize good pecans are nearly unobtainum this year.  A friend sent me a nice supply, so I'm set for the season.  I love to bake, but tend to give things like this away as I don't want too much of this sort of indulgence.

 

Maple Pecan Pie

 

Ingredients

 

° an unbaked pie shell (use whatever technique you prefer.  I like a good graham cracker crust or a convention flour/butter crust for this one)

° 215 g (about 2 cups) of coarsely chopped pecans 

° 55 g dark brown sugar

° 25 g tapioca

° 3/4 tsp salt

° 240 g (about 1 cup) grade B high quality maple syrup (the dark brown grade)

° 60 g heavy cream

° 1 tsp vanilla extract

° 2 large eggs

 

Technique

 

° preheat oven to 425°F

° lay the pecans in the pie shell

° whisk together the sugar through salt in a medium sized bowl.  Then whisk in the maple syrup and cream.  Finally whisk in the eggs one at a time.

° pour over the pecans and pop into the oven

° bake for 20 minutes and then drop the heat to 350°F for another 30 minutes.  

° let the pie cool on a rack for at least an hour before serving

° top with a good ice cream or whipped cream if you want something over the top