omenti

a solar puzzle, 16 inch guns, and home repair

It looked awfully painful, but the burns didn't seem to bother him that much.  Ray plopped his tray down and the table and listened to catch the drift of of the lunchtime conversation.  Brookhaven was a wonderful place at the time.  Some of the best scientists in the world worked there and many were great at spending time with grad students and postdocs.

 

Ray Davis was already something of a legend in the late 70s.  He came to BNL in the early 50s to work on big problems.  Eventually he came to work on one that was fundamental - what are the mechanisms that power stars.  

 

Most of the energy on Earth originated in the Sun.  Your lunch today was probably sunlight that left reached our planet in the past year.  The gasoline in your car is older solar energy that has been stored for tens of millions of years.  The core mechanism that produces this sunlight turns out to be fascinating.  In the eighth grade you probably learned it is through nuclear fusion and in high school physics you may have done a simple mass to energy calculation.  The real mechanism turns out to be a tad more complicated that hydrogen fusing to helium.  There are several steps, but it can be roughly expressed as 

 

Four protons (hydrogen nuclei) are burned to a single helium nucleus, two positrons (positive electrons), two electron neutrinos and some energy.  The four hydrogens are a bit heavier than the helium nucleus and the positrons.  The mass difference is transformed into its energy equivalent and carried off in the form of a high energy photon called a gamma ray.  That energy eventually makes its way out of the Sun and radiates into space mostly in the form of visible light.  A tiny bit of what leaves the sun - about a ten billionth - makes its way to the Earth.  

 

Ray had a neat way to verify part of this - he could measure the number of neutrinos that left the Sun.

 

Hold up your thumb to the Sun.  Every second tens of billions of solar neutrinos zip through it.  They fill the space around us.  How hard can it be to measure them?

 

This turns out to be extremely tricky business requiring enormous care in experimental design and analysis.  Neutrinos were thought to be massless at the time and they interacted weakly with the forms of matter we're familiar with.  A solar neutrino striking the earth has a one in a thousand billion chance of interacting with anything.  Hold up your thumb and you would wait a century or so for anything to happen.

 

Ray's group used a 100,000 gallon tank of perchloroethylene - simple cleaning fluid which is chlorine rich).  It was buried almost a mile underground in an abandoned mine in South Dakota to act as shielding from other particle reactions.  If an electron neutrino with enough energy strikes a Chlorine atom, Argon-37 and an electron are produced.¹  

 

Every day about ten billion billion neutrinos would pass through Ray's tank and about two would react.

 

Every few weeks the tank was flushed and the Argon-37 was trapped in a charcoal filter and returned to BNL.  Ray happened to have access to a gun barrel from a 16 inch WWII battleship.  It was cut into a convenient eight foot, eight ton section that happened to make a dandy shield for low level radiation detection.²

 

Ray was very patient and very careful

 

The experiment went on for years and years - Ray and his group were seeing only about a third of what was expected.  Either the experiment or theory were wrong.  In cases like this you try to figure out just what went wrong, but the experiment was solid and the theory was very predictive and had become accepted.  Everyone knew Ray was missing something.

 

It turns out theory was wrong - or more correctly incomplete.  Twenty years later it was discovered neutrinos had a tiny mass.  They weren't pure electron neutrinos, but rather an admixture of states.  They would start out as electron neutrinos and during the journey to the Earth some would oscillate to the other state that was undetectable by Ray's apparatus.  

 

Oh - Ray's burns.  They were from a home repair incident.  They happened all the time.  He would do ordinary tasks to relax and think about other things.  There were times when his mind, which was working away at something, would shift to the problem and the real world would bang into him.  This certainly wasn't the only time and I'm afraid it happens to me more than I'd care to admit.

 

Last week I was walking down a street just before dawn.  It was amazingly beautiful with a thin cloud bank forming a few feet about the ground.  It wasn't more than ten feet thick.  I felt my mind wandering and suddenly I knew how to work a problem that  I had abandoned a month before.  I find putting problems aside that require creative energy to be extremely effective - assuming you have the raw material of richly diverse experiences and connections floating about.  Recently Jean and I were talking and she mentioned she sees a few levels to this and has relied on scheduling this offline creativity.  Mine isn't that polished, but I require spaces where I'm not focused on current problems if I want to be creative.  Thankfully my parents allowed me a great deal of freedom. Had I been scheduled to the point where I didn't boredom and freedom it is possible I would have been locked out of fields I love.

 

Neuroscience notes that creative bouts tend to occur when our heavily organizing frontal lobes lose a bit of control and free association in other parts of the brain lights up.  Being able to partly shut down the frontal lobes may be the key to creative thought, but you wouldn't want it to take place all the time.  A fascinating hypothesis that is currently being investigated is known as transient hypofrontality.  Some people are very good at it.  When very creative people are interviewed they all seem to have tricks to put themselves into this state where they can be highly creative.  There are lots of techniques including meditation, home repair, taking long walks in nature, alcohol (more than a few writers) and other drugs, and so on.⁴  You find what works for you.  I share walks in nature with Beethoven and Einstein although I'm not in their league.  Sketching is also very effective for me along with getting lost in music.  Whatever works and I'm far from an expert.   Creativity is much much deeper and richer than this, but it is a fascinating idea and these practices are very common in some groups.

 

There is something else that is beautiful about transient hypofrontality. Neuroanatomists note the wires that connect up different regions of our brain are myelinating as we develop. It peaks in our frontal lobes in our early 40s, and then begins to unwind and demyelinate, starting at the front of the brain and working backwards.³ Our frontal lobes become poorly at conducting signals, so our ability to move the connection processes to other areas of our brain may increase after the age of 45 or so.  Perhaps we can become more richly creative with age  - also if you are creative, it may stick around longer than some other processes.  I caution this is only a hypothesis at this point, but it may explain a lot and some of the initial experiments are promising.

 

In 2002 Ray Davis shared a baptism with Swedish holy water with two other physicists.  A richly deserved reward.

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¹ Nuclear physics involves alchemy - one element can be transmuted to another.  It turns out the detailed process that goes on in the Sun has a branch that produced neutrinos from the decay of Boron-8.  Those are the only neutrinos in the Brookhaven experiment with enough energy to convert Chlorine to Argon)

² Argon-37 is radioactive and has a half life of a bit more than a month.

³ Think of myelin as the insulation that shields our neural wiring.  It allows signals to transmit quickly and efficiently.  

⁴ Seymour Cray dug tunnels and built a boat every year.  The boats were burned at the end of the Summer to give reason to build a new one.  Of course finishing a boat was not the point of the work.

 

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Recipe corner

 

A simple avocado salad based on a recipe by Mark Bittman

 

Avocado Salad with Ginger Dressing.

Ingredients

 

° 85g rice vinegar

° 50g white granulated sugar

° 2 tbl minced peeled fresh ginger

° 2 avocados pitted peeled and seeded

° 75g chopped roaseted peanuts

° cilantro sprigs

 

Technique

 

° Put vinegar, suar, pinch of salt, and 2 tbl water into a small pan over medium heat  Cook until the sugar dissolves

° add ginger and continue cooking until the dressing thickens - about 5 or 6 minuts.

° Remove from heat cool and cover.  Let it chill at refrigerator temperatures at least an hour.

° Place a few cilantro sprigs on salad plates and overlap avocado sliceon top.  Drizzle wit the ginger dressing and garnish with peanuts and a bit of a finishing salt if you like.

 

blowing in the wind

While computational models have made big strides there is a large gap between model predictions and the real world.  If you are serious about how something interacts with the air moving by it you need access to a wind tunnel.  This gets interesting with athletics.  At the highest levels in cycling wind tunnels are used, but only sparingly as wind tunnel time is hard to come by.  It was interesting that one of the big three bicycle makes recently opened a private wind tunnel to sort out bicycle aerodynamics.  

 

I'd much rather see focus on the real issues of increasing bicycle commuting, but the fact is that much of the upscale market in the US is built on the bike as an expensive toy and exercise machine.  Competition in making racing bikes is fierce and I expect the other major makes - especially Trek - to build their own facilities in the near future.  

 

Of course I'm assuming they will have people who know how to properly design the experiments and analyze the information.  It makes me think about the current big data explosion.  Some will do great things, but getting there isn't easy and requires very careful design and the right people.  Just going out and hiring "data scientists" and "data vis" people won't work and may even be counterproductive.

 

Any time you are dealing with data (I would say information) analysis, it is important to know what it is, where it came from, how noisy it is, and possibly many other things.  You have to know about the manipulations and filters it passes through.  Are your questions   for the data set?  How biased is your analysis?

 

Look up at the night sky and constellations pop out.  Constellations are artificial and offer no physical meaning.  In fact they led to early counterproductive models of the cosmos and some people still attach meaning to them.

 

Humans are naturals at apophenia - we have evolved to easily find artificial patterns in information.  We find it in scientific, engineering, financial, weather and most other forms of data.  We can and do make serious mistakes.  Hunting for patterns in large data sets can be enormous fun, but it can be very misleading - as the Danes would say: there are owls in the marsh....  A deep tool and domain knowledge is essential.  Given how many misuse spreadsheets and simple statistics, I'm not universally optimistic. But others will be very good at avoiding the pitfalls.

 

There are ways to guard against mistakes.  Science is built on these procedures, but there are those who see big data as the shiny new thing.

 

I was interested in measuring how efficient a human could be on an average bike.  There are a lot of numbers, but they vary dramatically.  Using a numeric model and a digital wind tunnel we are talking about serious big data.  For fun one can get time in a low speed wind tunnel.  There is much more going on than in the digital model, but a bit of clever design means we are not recording that many numbers.  With some care we can understand what is going on throughout the experiment - something that isn't as easy with the digital model.

 

The opportunity presented itself and I was able to record a nice round number - From an earlier post a friend on a commuter style bike can exceed the equivalent of 1,000 miles per gallon.  a few details:

 

Looking at someone in good physical condition riding in an upright position with no external wind on a very non-aerodynamic bike.  At 22.5 kilometers per hour (14 mph) she needs about 80.6 kilojoules to cruise along for a kilometer.  This works out to about 31 nutritional calories per mile.  She is burning something like 434 calories over her basic needs to cycle for an hour.

It is interesting to calculate the power she is getting from the metabolism of her food at this steady pace.  In an hour she requires about 1814 kilojoules of energy, so dividing by the seconds in an hour we get a bit more than 500 watts. Not all this food energy is being converted into useful mechanical work.  It turns out many of the muscle movements we make have efficiencies around twenty percent.  Colleen happens to be a trained athlete with wonderfully smooth motions and is a bit over twenty percent efficient on a bike.  She is delivering about 100 watts of power to the pedals and most of that (about 95%) is making it to the rear tire.  

Imagine a car that gets 30 miles per gallon.  A bit of arithmetic shows 30 mpg of gasoline is about 2750 kilojoules per kilometer.  The car uses a bit more than 34 times the energy Colleen does to travel the same distance.  Of course she is only carrying around a bike and a car has to carry a lot of weight besides the driver.

She is close to 1025 miles per gallon - if  fueled by a gasoline near equivalent like a vegetable oil.  That doesn’t work for her so you can figure out what she gets on a gallon of Ben & Jerry’s if you like. 

 

There are a lot of ways to come to different numbers and not everyone has the access to a wind tunnel and the metabolic measurements that an Olympic program uses.  If the information is found it is necessary to know something about it.  There are a lot of specialized conditions that go into this little number.  One can ask many other interesting questions and learn even more, but I only show the rather flashy economy number.  

 

In the end just doing it was much more efficient that building a model and using computational fluid dynamics.  If I was asking a more isolated question - perhaps a design question - the model may have been the way to go.  A bit of experience goes a long way.

 

My worry is that many decisions come down to needing a simple and clearly stated result.  The culture of those who describe the information and those who act on it may be so different that the analysis is worthless or even dangerous.   Domain knowledge is critical.  Even Nate Silver gets silly when he is away from politics and sports.

 

You have to be careful and critical - doubt and curiosity are very important tools as is playfulness.  Science is lucky.  There is an absolute right that can be independently tested using multiple approaches.  Along the way there are many wrong descriptions, but over time they are stripped away and a clearer picture emerges

 

There isn't any magic in it.  Big data will be great for some organizations, and others will get results that lead them down mistaken paths (ask Mitt Romney).  How an organization builds this into their culture is critical.   It should also be stressed that some organizations that have a good understanding of their domain using conventional techniques may find this counterproductive.  Other companies may find it much more useful to continue to build more conventional techniques to understand their customers and operations - Trader Joe's comes to mind.

 

__________

Recipe corner

 

I've been seriously occupied for the past few weeks and did very little in the way of interesting cooking.  So here is a fundamental technique I use all the time - brazing and glazing vegetables.  It is very useful to master this one:-)

 

° Cut some firm vegetables (I love this with sweet potatoes, it doesn't work well with produce that isn't firm) into roughly equal sized pieces so they cook at similar rates.  Put them in a pan with a lid that fits well and is just big enough to hold them in a single layer.

° Add enough water to cover the bottom of the pan along with a little olive oil or butter.  Add any seasonings that need cooking - garlic or shallots for example.

° Place the pan over a medium heat, cover and stir every few minutes to see if the veggies are getting tender.  You can add a bit of water if needed.

° When they are getting tender, remove the cover and crank up the heat to high. Stir constantly and wait for the water to evaporate and the veggies to start to turn brown - this many only take a couple of minutes.

° Add whatever spices you need.  Salt, pepper, some chopped herbs etc.  It often helps to add just a bit of acid - a squeeze of a lemon or a tbl of vinegar.  

° serve

 

 

forty three years

The amount of time between Lindbergh's flight and Neil Armstrong's small step a bit further away...   Forty three years ...   For whatever reason I found myself thinking about Earth Day, a golden duck, and lightning in a bottle.

 

Forty three years and two days ago I was in high school in Great Falls, Montana.  The town is known for strong winds that keep the air very clean these days, but back then it was also known for the stack...

 

North of town, across the Missouri, was a large smelter owned by the Anaconda Company.  Montana was pretty much a company state and few commented on the pollution that came from the 500 and something foot stack on the property.  You didn't notice it unless the wind was light and from the right - er - wrong direction.  The surrounding land is mostly wheat farm claimed from the prairie and the stack was visible from a long distance.  People didn't think in terms of pollution, but that was beginning to change.

 

In the Fall of 1969 when I read Senator Gaylord Nelson's suggestion that a national teach-in take place to raise environmental awareness and perhaps create some political support at the grass-root level.  Shortly there-after the proposed was called Earth Day and April 22, 1970 was the selected.  Two of us, Doug Safely was the other partner in crime, were taken with this and started a little club "cleverly" called Students to Oppose Pollution.  We found a faculty sponsor and I think about six people showed up for the first meeting in September of 1969.

 

I'm not terribly sociable and both of us expected the effort to fold, but the next meeting filled one of the science classrooms.  It kept growing to the point where we had to use the auditorium by April and there was some media attention - the effort was on local TV and radio and we had our 30 seconds of fame on the Today Show.

 

It was a heady experience and gave me the false impression that we knew what we were doing.  We didn't.  Rather the time was right.  There was an enormous amount wrong in the country, but there was also a strong sense from a variety of movements that people could make a difference.  When I think about it these days I am reminded of what Douglas had to say:

 

...

There is an art, it says, or rather, a knack to flying. The knack lies in learning how to throw yourself at the ground and miss. Pick a nice day, The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy suggests, and try it.

The first part is easy. All it requires is simply the ability to throw yourself forward with all your weight, and the willingness not to mind that it's going to hurt.

That is, it's going to hurt if you fail to miss the ground. Most people fail to miss the ground, and if they are really trying properly, the likelihood is that they will fail to miss it fairly hard.

Clearly, it is the second part, the missing, which presents the difficulties.

...

 

 

Since then I've spent a considerable amount of time on a few causes I feel are important.  In the past decade I've spent several thousand hours trying to understand and communicate global warming information - I've been trying to move the needle just a bit.  And I've mostly failed to do that, but I've managed to learn quite a bit.  

 

This came into focus this morning as I was listening to a KERA Think podcast - an interview with Adam Rome about his new book The Genius of Earth Day.  As far as I know this is the only history on the period and I've just put it on my reading list.

 

It did give me a sense of how powerful empirical information could be.  I found a chemist at another company - the local oil refinery - and asked him about techniques to measure arsenic, cadmium, lead and a few other nasties.  Industrial scientists and technicians are rarely asked about their work and they love to talk about it.  Extra points to talk with an interested kid and I was very interested.  I went over to Smelter Avenue and dug up a dozen soil samples.  He showed me how to do the analysis and the results were rather frightening.  We did something about it our combined with our organizing Doug and I found ourselves honored with about three dozen other Americans - including one Richard Milhouse Nixon - with Field and Stream's highest conservation honor - The Golden Duck.¹  At some level I have more pride about that than my degrees.

 

In retrospect we could have done things differently.  Doug was much more outgoing, but both of us were probably below average.  It would have been brilliant to team up with Jeri - someone who reads the blog.  She was savvy and a communicator and much more would have been possible.  To say we were clueless would be understatement.

 

But something did happen and it changed my life.  This type of activity was almost completely grass roots and it seized the attention of the politicians.  Nixon probably did more for the environment in terms of absolute change than any President.  There was no real political divide at the time on the issue.  Laws were changed by the thousands and life is much better now than it had been.  It can be better - it needs to be better - but the amount of social change was dramatic.

 

The time was right and thousands of us caught lightning in a bottle.  Even with the Internet we have today no social movement has come close in the US.  I only hope something as strong happens again during my lifetime.

 

Oh - the smokestack?  It is gone now - taken down around 1980 for safety reasons.  The Company sold the property and now the land is a superfund site.  Great Falls now has some of the cleanest air in the nation - thanks to some of the strongest average winds in the nation, not that many pollution sources and change brought by thousands of Montanans and millions of Americans.

 

I was originally going to continue writing about the use of time - focusing on the places where time is spent.  That will have to wait, but I note that a friend in the physics department of a really well-known school noted the professors are pushing for offices that have CO₂ levels that are less than 150 ppm over outdoor readings.  CO2 levels are considered important as they are easy to measure and are a proxy for other serious issues, but there is new evidence that some cognitive impairment may begin around 700 ppm and is very evident at 1,000 ppm.  Outdoor background is about 400 ppm now - so they're pushing for 550 or below.²  

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¹ Pretty frightening for a vegetarian pacifist, eh?  That was a different time.  Sportmen were mostly interested in conservation and party divides on environmental issues weren't deep.  Nixon was probably the most environmental modern day President.

² Get in touch if you are interested in measurement and abatement techniques.

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Recipe Corner

 

I came across some sprouting broccoli and grilled it.  The taste is distinctive, but it is hard to find and regular broccoli would probably be fine, but the sprouting version is really special.

 

 

Grilled Broccoli

 

Ingredients

 

° 500 g sprouted broccoli (something over a pound)

° 1 tbl extra virgin olive oil

° salt and freshly ground black pepper

° tahini sauce (recipe follows)

° 2 tsp toasted sesame seeds

 

Technique

 

° cut off the leaves and the woody part of the stems.  Blanche for a few minutes in boiling lightly salted water, rise in cold water (or dump in ice water), and allow it to dry.

° toss the broccoli with the oil, salt and pepper

° broil or grill for a few minutes on each side until charring begins.  Set aside to cool

° plate, drizzle the tahini sauce over the broccoli and top with scattered sesame seeds

 

A quick tahini sauce

 

Ingredients

 

° 50 g tahini paste

° 1/2 tbl honey

° 2 tsp lemon juice 

° small garlic clove peeled and smashed

 

Technique

 

° whisk the tahini, lemon juice, honey, a bit of salt and garlic.  Add a bit of water at a time until it gets to the consistency of warm honey

 

the car as an accessory for your phone

Today I was asked to give some educated guesses about industries that were ripe for disruption.  One immediately came to mind was automobiles.  Lots of forces that everyone talks about, but a last year a young friend mentioned it was frustrating that she couldn't send a message to her car.

 

It is odd when you think about it.  Most of us walk around with network connected pocket computers and think nothing of communicating with people around the world in many ways.  These computers have a growing number of sensors that provide information to us and other people or systems.  The most basic new cars have an order of magnitude more sensors than the most complex phones.  These are connected to a few networks and usually dozens of small computers (usually called electronic control units) that mostly lied buried away making sure some rather sophisticated systems mostly function.  But we are more aware of an infotainment layer - a layer that usually has a terrible user interface and user experience.  Not only is the experience bad, but we are stuck with it for the life of the car.¹ 

 

There are a lot of reasons why the industry moves slowly on automotive software. I won't get into that now as I only have an hour, but the infotainment systems do not require the type of careful design and testing required by drive train, stability control or restraint deployment systems.  In theory these could be more like PCs or smartphones.

 

Or - as my friend suggests - perhaps they should be designed to use her iPhone as a network connected controller and display.  Perhaps the car is properly just the transportation attachment to her phone and networked life.

 

Others have thought about that - Automatic uses a small box that connects to your car's OBD-II data link connector.²  This allows them to tap into realtime information that normally is only available to your mechanic and beams it to your Android or iOS phone via Bluetooth.  Now a lot of clever things can be done on your phone.  

 

What impresses me is not what it does as it could do much more - but that no car maker has gone this far.  I'm guessing they have a half dozen competent software engineers.  A large car maker has hundreds - but no imagination.  This is basically a hack using an available port that was never intended to do this sort of thing, but it works and people will see it as amazing and desirable.  

 

Much has been written on the relationship between people under 35 and their cars, but one thing I keep coming back to when I work with this group is the notion of a car has changed.  The old images conjured up by Ned Jordan for the Jordan Playboy in the Saturday Evening Post no longer cause the imagination to fly.³  The car has become more of a high maintenance appliance.  A very comfortable and useful one perhaps, but still an appliance that is not as central to your life as your smartphone.  It should be an accessory to your phone.

 

A few years ago I visited a dealer to look at the current version of our then eight year old car.  I've been happy with the car and its relatively clean interface and delightful shifter and clutch. The new model looked dramatically better on paper, but a test drive told me I couldn't live with the user interface.  I made the decision then and there to do some work on our car with the intention of keeping it at least five or six more years.

 

I understand why the car companies aren't going in this direction, but they are opening themselves up.  Someone, perhaps a Chinese, Indian or Korean company, could build a car that made sense as a smartphone accessory.  While it may not be mechanically brilliant there may be a generation that considers that point irrelevant.

 

There are many other interesting forces in addition to this ..  a lot of risk for some of them, but there are a few with little risk and nothing but upside.

 

So our cars are information producing objects and we're not terribly in the loop.  There is much more information than we could use and the relevant question is to consider what we need and how it should be manipulated and used.

 

Recently a short piece by E.O. Wilson appeared noting that not all of science is intensely mathematical.  

...

I was never more than a C student while catching up, but I was reassured by the discovery that superior mathematical ability is similar to fluency in foreign languages. I might have become fluent with more effort and sessions talking with the natives, but being swept up with field and laboratory research, I advanced only by a small amount.

Fortunately, exceptional mathematical fluency is required in only a few disciplines, such as particle physics, astrophysics and information theory. Far more important throughout the rest of science is the ability to form concepts, during which the researcher conjures images and processes by intuition.

Everyone sometimes daydreams like a scientist. Ramped up and disciplined, fantasies are the fountainhead of all creative thinking. Newton dreamed, Darwin dreamed, you dream. The images evoked are at first vague. They may shift in form and fade in and out. They grow a bit firmer when sketched as diagrams on pads of paper, and they take on life as real examples are sought and found.

...

 

While math is basic and essential for many areas of science, it is observation, logic, clear thinking and abstraction that is most important.⁴  In some areas there can be partnerships.  Nothing comes directly from playing around with pure math and hoping it appears in the physical world.  Nature doesn't make it that easy.

 

My background is very mathematical and it is a centrally important tool in my sport, but it is a tool.  One learns how and where to use tools and importantly, how and where to use information.

 

There is a tendency to measure everything and try and use it - extreme quantification.  The problem is the information and/or the models we have built are sometimes faulty.  With careful thinking one can be find far more parsimonious.  

 

In the mid 90s a few of us were involved trying to measure the human form to fit clothing.  We came up with a scanner that could digitize the body with about a half million data points.  A few years later I realized it was much easier to employ a good tailor who would take about 30 measurements.  Furthermore, the experienced tailor, could communicate information to the pattern maker and cutters that was much richer than our big and somewhat noisy datafile.  

 

It is possible to find examples of this everywhere.  Currently the "big data" approach often misuses information.  There is a notion that if you have enough "data" with the right sort of connections that you can mine that.  To some extent you can, but it is not an easy task.  There needs to be a deep understanding first and many lack that.  I've seen a few brilliant solutions and many more expensive and troublesome toys that offer misleading information.  

 

People have been doing smart and dumb things with data for hundreds of years.  Computers allow us to do even smarter and more stupid things.

 

Imagination, day dreaming and play are central to getting the core understanding right.

___________

¹ Some dealers update the flash memory of some your car's computers during regular service intervals, but this is rare and is often avoided even when the manufacturer recommends updates.

² All American cars since 1996 have these ports - there is a lot of error code information as well as real time performance information.

³ Check out the second half of this post for details on the brilliant ad copy by Jordan.

⁴ A smart high school student can grock special relativity with no more than a bit of algebra and trigonometry and a bit of careful reasoning.

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Recipe Corner

 

A few weeks ago Om posted something on Holi which brought back a flood of memories when I lived with a group of Indian graduate students at Stony Brook.  One of the foods I remember from Holi was a spiced milk - I think it was called Thandai.

I've had it with whole milk, but imagine it would be interesting with coconut milk and would probably also work, but be different and more healthy, with almond milk.   

 

Thandai for Holi

 

Ingredients

 

° 3 cups whole milk

° 5 tbl white cane sugar

° 1/2 tbl fennel seeds

° 1/2 tsp black peppercorns

° 12 green cardamom pods

° 3/4 cup raw almonds, peeled and slivered

° an inch of cinnamon stick

° 2 tbl rosewater

° crushed pistachios

 

Technique

 

° roast the seeds, cinnamon and spices in a small pan without oil over a low heat until they become fragrant.  Let them cool

° remove the cardamom seeds and discard the pods

° put the almonds, spices, seeds, sugar, cinnamon and rose water in a bowl and cover slightly with water.  Let it sit for about 2 hours.

° pop it in a blender and grind until you get a paste

° add the past to the milk and mix

° filter through a cheesecloth into a bowl. (Rohini had a very fine mesh)

° chill it in the 'fridge, serve in chilled glasses and top with pistachios

 

Recipe corner

hunting for simplicity with gun and camera

 

All the morning at home, and Mr. Berkenshaw (whom I have not seen a great while, came to see me), who staid with me a great while talking of musique, and I am resolved to begin to learn of him to compose, and to begin to-morrow, he giving of me so great hopes that I shall soon do it. Before twelve o’clock comes, by appointment, Mr. Peter and the Dean, and Collonel Honiwood, brothers, to dine with me; but so soon that I was troubled at it. But, however, I entertained them with talk and oyster till one o’clock, and then we sat down to dinner, not staying for my uncle and aunt Wight, at which I was troubled, but they came by and by, and so we dined very merry, at least I seemed so, but the dinner does not please me, and less the Dean and Collonel, whom I found to be pitiful sorry gentlemen, though good-natured, but Mr. Peter above them both, who after dinner did show us the experiment (which I had heard talk of) of the chymicall glasses, which break all to dust by breaking off a little small end; which is a great mystery to me. They being gone, my aunt Wight and my wife and I to cards, she teaching of us how to play at gleeke, which is a pretty game; but I have not my head so free as to be troubled with it. By and by comes my uncle Wight back, and so to supper and talk, and then again to cards, when my wife and I beat them two games and they us one, and so good night and to bed.

 

A curious entry on the blackboard and not what you might expect in a physics class.  It turns out this wasn't a standard class - an applied physics class that looked at failure modes in materials and structures.  Sort of a physical analysis of how things break...  The professor was very well read and a big fan of history - England and Scotland during the early years of the Industrial Revolution.

 

He walked in and gave us a few minutes to ponder the words and particularly those that were written in with red chalk.  It seemed a bit familiar and turned out to be an entry from The Diary of Samuel Pepys.¹  Smiling he took out a curious looking blog of glass with a tail and proceeded to strike it with a hammer.  Not terribly hard, but hard enough that a glob of glass should have shattered.  

 

    Now watch this carefully..

 

He flicked the end of the very thin tail with his thumb nail and the entire blog exploded in a shower of tiny pieces of glass.  He has us come up and look at the remains - it had mostly turned into powder.  

 

As we walked back to our desks another blackboard came down and he launched into a discussion of how these globs - he called them Rupert's Balls, but they are also known as Prince Rupert's Drops - were made.  A couple of stresses are involved and a lot of potential energy is stored in the glass.  Breaking the thin tail starts a shock front that moves through the glass at something over Mach 5.  Not much of the structure survives. Then it was time to begin to sketch out a model of the physics and the board quickly filled with drawings and equations while a discussion with the class was guided towards something that made sense.    

 

It was an entertaining moment in a great class.  I won't go into any detail of the physics as this video gives a nice discussion. 

 

The video points out some important things.  First you get some insight into how the blog is made. Then comes some high speed photography which adds some information on the dynamics of the failure mode.  And finally, taking advantage of the fact that glass is transparent, a look at the structure in polarized light.  Just the information you need to solve the puzzle.

 

Although it is physics, this is how many problems can be approached.  You observe carefully and in enough ways to sort out missteps that might lead you to the wrong model (it is very easy to build sort of descriptive, but wrong models).  And you try to make the problem as simple as possible focusing on the important points and describing just enough.

 

Last week I was doing a bit of work for someone who wanted me to look at a "big data" problem they intended to solve.²  I saw a different way that could be done with a bit of thinking and some simple math giving an answer to more than enough accuracy for his decision.  Dealing with the data would have taken quite a bit of time and may have been too noisy to have found a clear signal.  There are domains where hunting through boatloads of information works well and domains where it is inappropriate as well as those where you really need both.   For the record I'm as impressed by the big data free analysis that goes on in Trader Joe's as I am by some of the very sophisticated techniques that places like Google users.  I suspect the Trader Joe's analysis is often more applicable to their well constrained problem.

 

I end with a beautiful triumph of 19th century physics.  How do you describe the motions of the air molecules in the room you are in?  It turns out the study of thermodynamics - a field that became hot (sic) as people were working out how to make better  steam engines - led to a statistical description of what was going on at a molecular level.  An average room has several orders of magnitude more information in the motion of its air molecules as all of the information we and our machines have produced throughout history.  It turns out the description is simple and elegant and a nice proxy for the average kinetic energy of a molecule is easily measured.³  All you have to do is measure the temperature.  

 

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¹ Specifically January 13 1662.  I had read the diary as part of a history class in high school, but detail like this sailed over my head at the time.  I've re-read the book since and strongly recommend it is you are unfamiliar.  He lived during an interesting period, knew everyone who was anyone and had a good eye for detail - plus he kept that dairy.

² Big data is such an awful phrase.  "Data" is a terribly loaded and misused word and big is approximately meaningless. 

³ At least a good approximation, but I don't wish to get into the deeper physics.

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Recipe Corner

 

A short recipe shard and a bit of hacking around I'm doing these days.  First the hacking around.  

 

Egg Substitutes

 

I'm a vegetarian, but will get implicit eggs although I usually avoid it.  Finding a good substitute is difficult and I'm off on a different direction.  An egg gives some fat, protein and liquid, adds structure, helps with emulsifying and has flavor - and probably some other things I'm missing.  Flaxseeds are really great at providing viscosity and that might give structure.  In baking they have little taste and some baked goods effectively mask the eggs.  I boiled 50 grams of flaxseed in about 500 grams of water.  When it got thick I strained it a few times through cheesecloth (somewhat messy) and, not knowing what I was doing, make a batch of chocolate chip cookies using vegetable shortening for the fat and a one to one substitute of glop 'o flax for eggs.  They came out reasonably well and were tasty (I give away most of what I bake if sugar is involved so I don't OD)  I didn't detect a strange taste.  There are other directions this can go, but it is an interesting start.

 

The recipe is really just a quick throw together inspired by a pound of dry roasted cashews from Trader Joe's.  These are really addictive!

 

Turmeric Cashews

 

Ingredients

 

° 1 tbl extra-virgin olive oil

° 1-1/2 tablespoons ground turmeric

° 1 tsp Kosher salt (you may want more if you are a salt fiend)

° 1 pound unsalted, dry-roasted cashews (omit the salt if the cashews are presalted)

Technique

 

° Heat a wok large pan over medium-high heat. 

° Add the oil, turmeric and salt and quickly stir to make a past. 

° Add the cashews and stir-fry for a minute.  Turn the cashews in the pan to coat with the spices and don't let them

° Pour into a colander and shake shake shake it to get rid of the extra spices.  I had to brush off very dense regions of turmeric.  

 

 

 

in search of a line and a circle

Those of you who know me know I've spent quite a bit of time in the past fifteen years worried about climate change - it is one of the few high impact high probability events I know of that can be mitigated, so focus seems appropriate.

 

I've tried a variety of approaches and have largely failed to make any impact.  At first education seemed right as it is something I believe in, but you need a stable and sufficient base on which to build and I was assuming that the scientific literacy of the American public was much higher than it was.  I still work at it and have tried several approaches, but the overall response ranges from crickets to a negative reaction.  Of course this is giving me a strong signal on my abilities relative to the challenge and others who are much better communicators have had also had little or no impact.  

 

I sometimes use this qualitative chart in my talks.  If anything the think tank bump should be much smaller, but you get the idea.  The media does not cover the dominant scientific view and tries to balance opinion - the issue is there isn't any opinion in largely settled science.  Science is about confidence levels and for the likelihood that climate change is taking place,  being influenced by us, and will have a large impact, the confidence levels are high.¹

 

Storytelling is another mechanism that might work.  Several people are trying to exploit that path and some are trying a combination of education and storytelling.  That seems like it might be a viable approach, but one is up against pseudoscience, a natural bias in the media and a very well funded anti-science campaign.  I'm not a good speaker or storyteller, but I've been working a bit to support those who are.

 

The result is my views on what to do are shifting from worrying primarily about mitigation and moving more towards adaptation.  It is ultimately much less efficient and much more expensive than mitigation, but there is a lot of potential optimization and it seems like a rich area to study.  I'll still be thinking about mitigation a lot - particularly conservation and efficiency, but staying focused there may be a fool's errand.

 

Even though the state of the American response to climate change is on the depressing side it is fascinating and poses several interesting questions about everything from our social systems to how our minds work.  In thinking about these sometimes it is useful to step back and think about other historical challenges.  

 

And that brings us to a line and a circle...

 

Take a look at any modern ship.  Down near the waterline you'll see a circle with a line through it.  The line where where the hull of a ship meets the water is the Plimsoll Line and the little circle-line is technically called the International Load Line and indicated the legal limit to which a ship can be loaded.²   An extremely useful graphic - getting on a ship with water above the load line strikes you as something not entirely sane.

 

When you see a name as unusual as Plimsoll, you suspect a story.³

 

In the 19th century transatlantic shipping had become common.  Shipping disasters happened, but the introduction of insurance made them much more likely.  A shipper could load his vessels past their design limits and make quite a bit of extra coin on the voyage.  Should the ship be lost it and its contents were insured - often at more than 100% - and he would also come out ahead as ship building meant he could quickly replace his loss.  The only real loss was one many shippers chose to ignore - perhaps a hundred or so crewmen.  The practice was so common - nearly a thousand were dying each year - that merchant seamen called this overloaded and insured ships "coffin ships".

 

Samuel Plimsoll was a MP who crusaded for the rights of the seamen- often against great odds as the ship owners enjoyed a tight relationship with the government.  He is vilified in the House of Commons, but he became something of a folk hero with popular plays and songs written about him and the coffin ships.⁴  This grass-root support grew to a point where it nearly brought down the Disraeli government.  Finally there were sweeping reforms that probably saved tens of thousands of lives.  One of them - in my mind the most dramatic - was a simple little graphic that allowed you to understand if the ship's load made it unseaworthy.

 

I want - I think we need - a Plimsoll Line for climate change.

__________

¹ There is a lot of normal scientific dispute on the details of how great the impact will be and how this will play out, but that is like people going over a cliff in a car wondering how many times the car will bounce on the way down and if it will burn when it finally hits.  People tend to confuse the normal debate that takes place in science with the fact that some of the results are extremely likely ... it's just the details we're hazy on.

² There are a few other markings that account for the different water densities.  Sea water density depends on salinity and temperature.

³ I first heard about it in college during a visit to a large ship visiting Manhattan.  Much later I ran into a book on the subject and recommend it - The Plimsoll Sensation by Nicolette Jones.

⁴ John Storey sings a modern version based on some of the ballads

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Recipe Corner

 

This one is very easy to experiment with and surprisingly good.  A really good yogurt and olive oil are key.

 

Quinoa, yogurt, fruit and nuts

 

Ingredients

 

° 1 tbl cleaned dry quinoa - red quinoa is particularly good

° a dozen shelled and chopped pistachios  (raw or salted and raw)

° a dozen chopped almonds (I used unblanched, but blanched would probably work)

° 350 - 400 grams of whole plain Greek yogurt (I use Fage)

° 4 medjool dates, chopped and pitted.  I've also tried other dried fruit, so experiment.

° some lemon zest

° uniodized sea salt - a finishing salt like Maldon is best

° a tbl or more of your best extra virgin olive oil

 

Technique

 

° Start the oven heating to 350°F

° Put the quinoa in a small pan over medium heat and toast it until it starts to pop.  Then pour it into a bowl and cool.

° Spread the pistachio and almond chunks onto a baking pan and toast for five minutes in the oven.  Then remove and cool.  Alternatively you can do this in a pan over  burner, but you need to be *very* careful to not burn them. 

° Spread equal amounts of yogurt onto two plates and sprinkle on the dates, nuts, and quinoa.  Sprinkle on a bit of lemon zest and salt and finally drizzle on a bit of olive oil

 

yumm!!

mooning austin

° Some of you have asked why I'm not at SXSW: as a person with cancer, have I not suffered enough already?

 ---- tweet from Xeni yesterday

° I love deadlines. I love the whooshing noise they make as they go by.

                ---- Douglas Adams, The Salmon of Doubt 

° looking for a light bulb for a difficult to reach area - possibly an LED for the first time

 

Three shards came together to spark an hour of writing.  Believe it or not they are connected, so grab your towel and a cup of tea.  We'll need to travel to 19^th century London to start the connection game.

 

It was 1810 give or take a few years and demonstrations of all things electricity were the rage in the Royal Society.  Sir Humphrey Davy had filled the audience with rumor of his discovery and connected the final wire to one end one end of a battery developed only a decade earlier by Alessandro Volta.  The wire from the battery was connected to a carbon rod with a pointy tip separated by a short distance from a similar carbon rod pointed at it and connected with a wire to the other end of the battery.  

 

The crowd gasped as the current jumped the distance between the points creating a bright glowing arch.  Everyone had seen bright sparks jump before, but this one was different.  The arch was brilliant and kept going.  As it burned away applause filled the hall and then an ovation.  The first electric light had been demonstrated.¹  Within a couple of years he invented a second technique passing a strong current through a platinum wire causing it to glow through incandescence.  Davy had invented both the arc and the incandescent lamp.

 

Candles had fallen in price to the point where many families could afford a few, but outside of cites where a bit of gas lighting had come into use, night brought darkness.  I can sympathize - with the help of three major storms in the past two years we've been without metered electric power for a total of nearly three weeks.  We resorted to candles and a flashlights, but one comes to appreciate the old French saying 

A la chandelle, la chèvre ressemble à une demoiselle ²

In the early part of the 1800s a lot of experimentation with gas lighting was going on.  At first demonstration projects like the lighting of Westminster Bridge in 1813, but lighting was so desirable that despite toxic and corrosive fumes from incomplete combustion and a serious fire hazard, the technology rapidly spread to a businesses and the homes of the wealthy in cities.³   People wanted something that was safer and it was assumed that electric lighting was the answer, so inventors slaved away on the problem.

 

I have to skip over a very rich account of the sausage making of a series of technologies, but it took seven decades from Davy's arc to Edison's light.  Along the way there were newspaper reports and articles in magazines like Scientific American and Popular Science on new breakthroughs that would bring inexpensive and safe electric lighting to everyone "real soon now.."

 

Cracking the problem required a series of technologies to come together.  Electric generators had to be developed, a cheap way to create a long lived vacuum, the right materials and so on.  Edison gets the credit, but hundreds of people had been involved over the decades.

 

Edison was involved in an early practical use of electricity - telegraphy.  In his 20s he had a few patents that gave him enough funding to become a full time inventor.  A curious type he came up with the phonograph.  No one knew what it would be useful for, but it seemed brilliant and he was elevated to the status of wizard.

 

Edison's most important innovation was probably the industrial laboratory.  He put together a team of scientists, engineers, and what we would call makers and focused on a few problems.  He sensed the practical electric light was close - a number of almost practical approaches had been patented when he announced to a few wealthy investors that he was on the problem.

 

He took too long for their taste, but when he finally made his demonstrations in 1880 he had delivered the whole ecosystem - generators, wiring, the light bulbs, manufacturing techniques and the ability to train technicians to install and maintain the system.  Other people had delivered bits and pieces of the puzzle.  Arguably some of these other inventions were superior to bits and pieces of Edison's system, but no one else had the whole ball of wax and Edison's ball of wax worked.

 

Electric lighting had a dramatic society and technology impact. People started reading in bed and bookstores did very well in communities with lighting.  Children could play at dusk and in the evening unattended.  Many businesses, like restaurants, expanded evening hours and other inventions involving the electric motor erupted.  

 

For about thirty years there was an unsettled period before real standardization and much lower pricing came about.  A serious have and have not divide existed in America and you could see it every night.  

 

But enough of the history other than one bit.  Early on it was expensive and one scheme was to put brilliant arc lamps on towers spread through a town or city to provide artful light at night.  These "moonlights" were intended to provide enough illumination to read a watch at about a thousand feet.  They were erected in a few dozen cities and mostly failed - except in Austin where they still exist.

 

A few years ago I was at the technical session of a SXSW and became a bit bored by the level of work.  To be sure a few interesting things popped up.  One was Twitter.  I'm not a regular user, but make a quick scan once or twice a day.  Yesterday Xeni tweeted the SXSW comment that was one of my triggers.  I won't go into my issues with the conference, but note the past decade with Internet 2.0 has been somewhat chaotic.  There are certain good explanations, but much of it leaves me cold.  There are so many more interesting things to do...

 

I wandered away from the conference and found one of the old moonlights.  I had no idea what it was and was delighted to learn a bit about their history.  It illuminated a time we mostly forget but one has to remember the quote attributed to Mark Twain:

History does not repeat itself, but it does rhyme

I would add this is doubly true for the history of technical innovation.

 

Xeni made me think of Marvin the Robot

 

Douglas' birthday is today. He was famous for missing his book deadlines and had to be forced to complete his books.  Much of his time was spent playing with friends.  He was one of those who connected a lot of dots and seemed more at home with others who did the same, but were in very different fields.  One of his hangouts when he was avoiding what he regarded as work was Bell Labs and I was lucky enough to have spent time with him.  He delighted in the jumps that occurred when different ideas came together and had a keen ear for the history of technology.  He would have been delighted by the moonlights.  It was so sad seeing him leave so soon, but today celebrates his birth and that was such a positive thing.  I was delighted to learn Brynne - one of the readers of this blog - shares his birthday.  Fantastic!

 

Yesterday I found myself thinking about a new form of lighting that is still very much in development.  It has been in development for a few decades with people saying "real soon now" for about a decade.  Finally there are acceptable bulbs for a few of my applications.  The shape of the adoption curve for this technology is very similar to other technologies. The slopes can be very different, but other than software innovations these things tend to take much longer than people expect.

 

Two hundred years since Davy and we're still not there...  but in the meantime electric light has been one of the most important society and technology innovations of all times. 

 

I'll stop here - I really wanted to get into intensity - but fodder for a future post.

 

And thanks to you Douglas for giving the advice on how to fly.   Such a fantastic machine he was  - fill him with tea and wonderful connections of the mind came out.

__________

¹ The arch was somehow shorted to arc and thus the name - arc lamp - came into use.

² try this post for a translation and explanation

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Recipe corner

 

Just a brief note rather than a recipe, but it clearly has to involve goat cheese.  Warm weather isn't far off and many of you will probably fire up the barbecue.  Two things:

Grilled goat cheese sandwiches

Grilled figs stuff with goat cheese

 

those da*n glassholes are on my lawn! and cum hoc non propter hoc

As the year 2000 approached human computer interface labs all over the world were hot onto studying what comes after the desktop and handheld computer.  Some were doing tablets, but others were wondering what happens if you combine a phone that happens to talk to the Internet with a camera, what happens if you have a radio equipped watch with a display on it, what if a fairly powerful computer can be shoehorned into something handheld with a wireless Internet connection, what if that little powerful wireless computer knows where it is ....  My lab was involved in several of these as well as what happens as computing becomes more invisible and ubiquitous. 

 

A few like Steve Mann were doing leading edge work to sort out how a person may integrate with sensors and networks.  The stuff that excites technologists and science fiction writers.

 

You could make reasonable predictions based on Moore's Law and some educated guesses on mobile phone technology.  Designing interfaces was extremely difficult, but just as important was how acceptable to the public would it be.  Some of these devices would be worn.  What had good design and was fashionable?  Could the design be so good so as to be aspirational?

 

The social dimensions of the problem were, and still are, enormous.  We were making all kinds of observations and performing simple tests.  It wasn't science by any means even though some called it that.  People were learning bits and pieces of a larger problems.  We were learning more about the problems so as not to appear totally stupid.¹

 

Some of the trials produced location dependent results.  A lab in Cambridge using a located ID badge found its employees building any number of useful applications for themselves.  A sister lab in Palo Alto had a near revolt with the same devices even though they had similar backgrounds.  The culture of the two different labs rendered the badges aspirational in one location and a pox in the other.  Sorting out why was non-trivial.

 

There were a lot of crazy leaps being made based on small amounts of work.  It was a real disease in labs that did not have a diverse range of skills.

 

Oh yeah - the post's title?  That's Latin for "with this, not because of this" and is found in statistics to emphasize that correlation does not imply causation.  It is one of the first things taught in any statistics class to warn about jumping to conclusions.  You run into nearly everywhere these days - except in science.  It turns out to be a phrase that almost guarantees the speaker isn't a scientist.

 

An explanation is one of degree.  People without a statistical background jump to conclusions - we're pattern recognition machines and historically have come to some very wrong conclusions.  Not only that, we're still doing it.  A good statistical background gives you some tools to calculate correlations, but caution is advised.  A scientist subjects their work to very elaborate testing measuring and taking into account errors along the way and producing a result in terms of how likely it is.  If they don't their competitors will do it for them and there is little tolerance for mistakes.

 

But back to the phrase ...

 

To a scientist correlation suggests causation.  It is an early clue that there is something worth pursuing.  You might quickly rule the linkage out or perhaps there is something wonderful to be learned that generates a shower of new questions.  You don't want to eliminate possibilities early out of hand..  Much of science is playing with any number of ideas seeing if they are worth going deeper.  As in many other fields you develop a talent for it.  

 

Too frequently it is invoked to dismiss something out of hand even though the person who uses it often has no sense of the depth of the statement they are dismissing.

 

All of that the device and interface/interaction exploration in the late 90s was probably good as it was creating a space of interesting questions.  Except for a few technologies like camera-phones, smartphones and high capacity mp3 players it wasn't essential that anyone understand them deeply right away.  Some of those who worked on the near horizon problems were richly rewarded. But now it is time to begin to understand issues associated with wearables. 

 

It seems daunting as we haven't yet worked out social conventions for the use of smartphones.  Technology often outruns the understanding of its consequences.

 

In the past few weeks at least a half dozen have been in touch to ask for my opinion on Google Glass.  A fascinating area, but they're well over their heads.  Not only does the user interaction model need considerable work, but the design and social issues are daunting.²  They aren't going to pull it off by having a designer put together a frame for them.

 

People may develop appropriate interaction and social conventions - that seems to be what Google is counting on - but the company that introduces a new social technology rarely has a change to ride the wave very long. Deeper thinking is required and it will be  more demanding than ever before as we're going well beyond conventional engineering and technology.  I suspect something approaching real science will need to be done and people from a wide range of fields will need to be involved.

 

A few years ago I tried to put together some one line descriptions for each component of STEM ..  it is far from perfect, but here's what I said:

 

° Science is the study of nature.  Some useful insight becomes available as a result, but that is not the driver

° Math is language of science and also of engineering.  It is beautiful by itself.  

° Engineering is the art of building tools and 

° Technology is the tools and their use

 

These four fields are now insufficient.  Social clue is necessary..

 

We need to understand fashion, design and aspirational design, human nature, local and global cultures, and several other areas. I've been trying to become a student of design and fashion and have been reaching out to people in these and several other areas, but am only getting to the point where my questions aren't completely foolish.  Hopefully one can get to the point where they can have useful connections with enough diverse people to make a dent in the problem.  I'll probably be writing much more on the subject as time goes on.   In the meantime I wish Google luck, but this is a really deep people and the Silicon Valley engineering notion of solving everything with technologies is insufficient and broken.

__________

¹ I look at my own record and find it mixed after 15 years.  There were some solid hits - particularly with location aware services and a large number of misses.  One tends to remember the hits and forget the misses. 

² from an email I sent last week

Google has a habit of asking designers to come in at the end of the process …  they have a reputation for driving HCI types and designers crazy ..  they like to just bolt it on at the end.  So this isn't surprising.  It will be essential to make the things look presentable.

Their approach appears to be taking a vocal command with a specific interrupt, but such approaches have failed in the research world (not for technical reasons). What is needed is a nice set of orthogonal out of channel communication commands - what linguists call phatic interactions (the communications we all use not to carry core information, but rather are meta commands that kept the channel open. If I say "you're breaking up" on a cellphone call, I'm giving a phatic vocalization. There are any number of phatic signalings that are non-verbal - your phone vibrating to let you know there is a text message for example)

They use verbal phatics like "ok glass", but that can be socially awkward and is fairly unnatural.They really need to crack that one - or find some work that has.They may be interested in having the public solve it for them. Just like hashtags on twitter.

__________

 

Recipe Corner 

 

Waldorf salads are delicious, but hardly healthy.  I threw together this one that was delicious and healthy.  I like to add some dried fruit like cranberries or cherrys

 

Heart Friendly Waldorf Salad

Ingredients

 

° 1 tbl white-wine vinegar

° 1 tbl walnut oil 

° sea salt and freshly ground black pepper

° 1 Granny Smith apple, cored, quartered, and thinly sliced

° 1 cup seedless red grapes, halved

° 2 celery stalks, thinly sliced, leaves for garnish if you like

° 50 grams coarsely chopped toasted pecans and or toasted walnuts 

 

Technique

 

° whisk together the vinegar, oil, some salt and pepper to taste

° add celery, grapes, apple, and nut to the bowl, and toss to coat with dressing.

 

34 years in ago and four years from now...

I was up at three am to check the weather...

 

Rats!  Heavy overcast moving in by seven and no clearly until the afternoon.  It was -18°F and the roads were slippery with a traveler's advisory.  Any sane person would go back to bed and be happy to not be outside in a Montana Winter.   But today was special and I needed a clear morning at all costs.

 

A call to the weather officer at Malmstrom Air Force Base made my decision easy - Lewistown, about 110 miles to the East, was likely to be clear until noon. I threw on a coat and ran outside to plug  in the Saab's block heater.  Thirty minutes at 1800 watts should be enough to warm the oil enough to crank the engine.  I would have just enough time to shower, eat and pack.

 

It was 34 years ago today.  A total eclipse in the continental United States and hopefully my first.  I had taken off time from Brookhaven National Labs and had flown out to my parent's house in Great Falls, Montana - smack dab in the path of totality.  The weather had looked promising the night before, but Montana weather is Montana weather and now I had a few hours to reason with Montana Highway 200.  Not exactly my favorite road even with ideal conditions.

 

Cars and trucks were rare, which was good as most of the trip was below 40 mph with lots of packed snow and icy ruts from the storm the day before.  The clouds thinned as I went and about 20 miles West of Lewistown I saw stars for the first time.  I managed to make it by seven giving me time to set up.  Not knowing where to go, I turned into the Lewistown Airport and found about 200 people assembled for the show.

 

First contact was roughly about 8:15.  Everything seemed to be taking place too slowly at this point.  I checked my tripod and cameras and looked at the Sun through welder's glass and some mylar coated filters.  Not much to see, but the 300mm lens on the old Fujica camera showed a few sunspots and gave a sense of the movement of the Moon relative to the Sun.

 

Eclipses are great places to meet people.  I'm not a fan of the notion that waiting is a boring activity if there are other people around to talk to - particularly if everyone is focused on the same thing.  There were a group of teens dressed in Fergus County Eagle jackets, a lawyer, several people from Great Falls who made the trip the night before, a couple from Austria, a Swede, an MD from San Francisco, a group from Cambridge, a few truck drivers who were wondering if this was worth sticking around for, and a retired baker from someplace near London.  

 

The baker was the most interesting person.  When he was young he saw his first total eclipse and found it "the closest thing to a religious experience" he ever experienced.  He swore that he would see as many as possible during his life and this one would push his count to over a dozen.  

 

a baker's dozen...

 

The guys from Cambridge had several very nice telescopes and an automated heavy tracking mount.  They had done this before and were looking for high quality photography.  Seeing the kit should have told me something, but I went back to work on my camera.  I took a test shot and the shutter was having problems.  The camera had been cleaned and lubricated with a special low temperature lubricant, but temperatures in the negative teens were too much.  I wondered how brittle the film was.

 

Slowly the sky became darker.  It seemed like dusk and the approaching darkness built everyone's excitement.  One of the guys from Cambridge was also a physicist and our conversation about solar neutrino flux measurements was replaced with simple statements of wonder and excitement.  Two hundred people had been turned into curious 12 year olds....

 

It was now too dark to read and I knew the Moon's shadow was approaching at something over Mach 1.5 from the West.  I was getting ready for what I had hoped would be a furious two minutes with the camera, but there was a sudden dimming and I looked at the Sun and Moon without a filter.  A shaft of sunlight shone on us through a mountain valley on the moon giving a bright diamond ring effect and several bits of red light were brightly visible.  This is the hydrogen-alpha line, something I was very used to in undergrad physics labs, but the intensity made it the most beautiful red I had ever seen in my life.  

 

That lasted a few seconds - I think - time was running at a different scale for me now. Everything seemed to be happening too fast.

 

I starred at the corona - the Sun's atmosphere - extending out maybe a third of the solar radius.  It was much smaller than I had imagined and much more ephemeral looking.  I had expected the Moon to be black, but it wasn't - it was maybe as bright as the sky surrounding the corona.  It was the surface of the Moon being lit from the Earth.  I wondered if you could take a photo that would show features on the Moon during totality, but I quickly dropped that as time was running too quickly.

 

Turning to the camera, mad at myself for missing second contact, I looked to the East and saw something that took my breath away.  The leading edge of the umbra was moving across the hills.  The boundary was a bit feathered and it was moving along at well over 1,000 mph.  It was the my visceral feeling of how big this really was.  

 

As I turned I looked North and saw stars.  Maybe down to about 4^th magnitude.  They were stars you expected during warmer times of the year and their angle was all wrong.  I quickly found a few constellations to get a sense of the sky and forced myself to work on the camera and get a few images of the corona and maybe third contact.

 

I managed two exposures and the shutter froze.  A bit of thinking told me to just give up.  That extra heavy suitcase, the battery pack for the clock drive and the preparation of the camera all down the drain, but the intensity of the events as they were unfolding had thankfully overpowered me.  Freed from babysitting the camera I could enjoy the minute or so of remaining darkness.

 

People were cheering, whooping, swearing, applauding and jumping around.  Just before third contact I looked North at the stars again knowing I'd only see that again when I was at my next total eclipse and wondering where I would be in life in 2017 when the next American total eclipse would take place.

 

August 21, 2017 - I plan on being somewhere along this path¹...

 

The corona is enormously beautiful along with the hydrogen-alpha light from a couple of flares blazing away.  I could have watched it for hours...

 

A loud sonic boom, followed by another a few seconds behind and then another.  It must have been some Air Force or National Guard fighters enjoying the view and trying to keep pace with the shadow.  I briefly looked up and caught one of them perhaps six or seven miles up with a bright glow from his afterburner making him easy to spot.  

 

Suddenly  a brilliant flash of light and another diamond ring.  The Sun was finally shining through after a bit over two minutes of totality.  It seemed like it had been ten seconds are less. 

 

I looked around at the crowd.  It was still very much like dusk, and the Sun was 99% covered, but no one was looking a it.  The difference between totality and 99.9% totality is infinite.  There is no comparison.

 

But looking around at the people suddenly made me wish I had a working camera. Everyone I saw had the same thing I felt on my face.

 

tears frozen to their cheeks...

 

There was a lot of hugging.   It was now clear to me the old English baker had made the correct decision.

 

__________

¹ I won't be taking a camera for the eclipse proper.  There are professional who will get much better images anyway.  Recording this yourself is diverting and just not worth it.  What you see with your eyes is much more beautiful than any photo.  I've been fortunate enough to see quite a bit of Nature so far and nothing competes with a total solar eclipse.  

 I usually spend a bit of time and add some photos or drawings to the blog posts, but they would be such lame approximations of the real thing that I'll leave them out this time

__________

Recipe Corner

 

For some time we have been trying to duplicate the lentil soup from a local Afghan restaurant.  This is seriously good stuff and there are times that is all I want ...   Finally we learned the magic ingredient happens to be dried sour plums.  I was unfamiliar with them.   We can't get them locally and I won't be going to the city for a few weeks, so I asked around and found people recommend Fastachi.  Their service is prompt and, two days later we could try experimenting.

 

A few tries and it was nailed.  This is not a perfect replica but happens to be even better.  An incredible soup that is simple to make. It is wonderful served with a warm crusty bread. You can also drizzle a bit of olive oil on top and add some shaved toasted pistachios for a nice presentation, but I certainly won't fault anyone for just digging in and enjoying. The recipe makes four largish bowls of soup.

 

Red Lentil Afghan Soup with Dried Sour Plums

 

Ingredients

° 4 tbl  extra virgin olive oil

° 2 medium-large onions minced

° 6 large garlic cloves minced

° 1-1/2 liters (6 to 6-1/2 cups) water (may need to add more)

° 280g red lentils (cleaned! - we use Trader Joe's split red lentils)

° 1/2 tsp red pepper

° 1 tsp turmeric

° 16 dried sour plums minced - a good source is Fastachi 

° non-iodized sea salt to taste, after freshly ground black pepper to taste

° your best extra virgin olive oil for garnishing (optional)

° toasted sliced or shaved pistachios for garnishing (optional)

 

Technique

° sauté onions and garlic in evoo until onions are golden

° add water, plums, spices and salt and bring to boil

° reduce to medium and add lentils, stir

° drop temp to medium low and cover

° cook 40-45 minutes - stir regularly and add water if necessary

° puree it if you like a smooth soup

° black pepper to taste (it takes a boatload of black pepper)

° garnish with a bit of olive oil and some shaved toasted pistachios (optional)

partial stories and the color purple

Purple is a strange color - one that you won't see in the rainbow - it doesn't have a wavelength associated with it.

 

I was trying to explain that color is something manufactured in the brain.  There are a variety of ways you can do this, but the best is to project different colored lights on a white surface and let them overlap.  Someone must have done this as a video ... indeed they have ..  many of them in fact.  This one shows the effect rather nicely and I sent it along.

 

 

The problem is the presenter makes an error about a half minute in in...  He states that you can't mix photons.  It turns out you can - in fact if you have ever seen a green or violet laser pointer you're seeing it.¹ But explaining to a seventh grader who is curious about where purple comes from becomes extremely difficult and possibly impossible if I try to explain the what goes on with real physics.   

 

What works is to ignore the rare case.  It may be very interesting, but it isn't going to help the student.  Mostly photons can't combine - it is a good approximation to assume that and use the result to explain color synthesis.  This works throughout physics.  To calculate the path of a baseball I can ignore relativity even though using just Newtonian physics is good enough.  In fact I can ignore air resistance for some problems and get a good enough answer.

 

There is an art to knowing what to ignore and what to keep.  You have to understand the size of the contribution, how good your measurements are and what sort of precision is required.  The problem often arises in teaching.  How much depth is appropriate and how much background can be assumed?  There is a movement to remove jargon from  the description of science hoping that the result will be interesting.  Unfortunately you can only simply so much and that takes real skill - it is like writing poetry and I'm not terribly good at it.

 

As you learn more about a subject you develop a certain amount of experience to know what is easy, what is not and what is just silly.  A friend happens to be one of the most famous computer scientists on the planet and his fame is quite justified.  His email is easily available and he gets a lot from people who have "solved" fundamental problems that elude everyone else to those who have decided to do the next big thing and want something from him.  He recently sent one that may be the best yet.²  It turns out he gets really wacky bits from people who lack experience.  You may see this in your own field - I see it all the time in mine.  One of the best experiences for me was being asked to look over a set of patents that managed to clear the USPTO despite describing a perpetual motion machine:-)

 

One thing I try to convince students of technology who are attempting to predict the future is to get their hands dirty and learn a bit about the fundamentals.  Technologies don't spring onto the scene, but rather have an often lengthy development period.  Their commercial use may combine bits and threads of other technologies or even art into something that strikes us as novel, but there are important early hints.³

 

I talked a client into trying to learn how to use a 3d printer and design and use one.  This sort of exercise gives a much deeper view into what can be done as well as the necessary background for a user/designer.  You are only getting a partial story if you aren't using the tech in question.   She followed my advice and now has a much more realistic sense and timeline for the set of technologies.⁴  

 

It is exciting that people are starting to learn how to design and build "stuff" these days.  The notion of shop class 2.0 is on us.  Building a personal shop and, more importantly, learning how to use the tools, is beyond most people.  In a few cities Maker spaces have appeared - a concentration of tools, instructors, mentors, and other makers.  You generally pay a monthly rental for tool use.  This morning I caught a New Disruptors podcast where Glenn Fleishman interviewed a couple who have started MakerHaus in Seattle -  Ellie and Mike Kemery.  Recommended for anyone interested in one of the major "what next..." speculations - listen here (44 minute mp3)

 

I'm running low on time - there are dozens of ways this note could develop.  I almost want to say something about the relative use of STEM and STEAM in organizations, but for another time.

 

In the meantime go out and get your hands dirty doing something.

__________

¹ The stuff of non-linear optics.  This is way too complex to explain well here, but there is a really important safety issue involved and you have to be extremely careful with cheap non-red laser pointer.   Green laser pointers are the most common as our eyes are very sensitive to green and we perceive the light as very bright.  They are usually  "diode pumped solid state frequency-doubled" and are sometimes called DPSS or DPSSFD lasers.  A very powerful infrared diode laser is used to pump a crystal that lases at a somewhat longer wavelength.  The light from the pumped laser is passed through a KTP crystal which acts as a frequency doubler - the wavelength goes from 1064nm to 532nm ..  a very "green" light.  The KTP crystal is a nice piece of non-linear optics where photons are effectively combined to produce one of a higher energy.  

I don't know how to explain the lasing process and the non-linear optics without using some quantum mechanics.  The problem is the pumping laser is very powerful and very dangerous - 100 to 300 mW!  Looking at one of these would cause serious eye damage.  To make matters worse the light is invisible to us.  There is a secondary weaker, but still dangerous infrared beam ..  either can cause damage!  The cheap laser pointers are poorly designed and this light often leaks out.  This is really bad - particularly in the hands of a kid.

There are lasers that emit in the green and blue and other colors directly that are generally much safer, but they are usually much more expensive.  If you see a green or blue laser pointer in a meeting, I would ask if it has a safety certification and, specifically, a good infrared blocking filter.  If not ask the presenter not to use it.  I was handed one to use at a talk recently and it was clear it was a $40 special.  I had to tell them to throw it away.

² I've removed all names and other identifying information

hello,dear
first i want you to be friend because you  my idol

can help me I'm <name removed>  from  UK i want source code for <removed> for development this language to new language programming 

i student  in college in UK in computer science  and i want you to help me 

with best wishes

<name removed>

student and developer in first road 

³ This works very well in retrospect, but looking forward there is an issue with both imagination, timing and the shear complexity of combinations.  Fifteen we did a lot of work on what became modern smartphones and mp3 players.  What we made was not commercially viable, but it gave us a sense on how it worked and how it might work with other systems.  We were spending a lot of time looking at the social uses of geolocated smartphones and starting to look at the Internet of things and the wearable Internet.

 

⁴ I've been making things since I was a teenager and have about fifteen years, on and off, with 3d printing, CNC milling and routing, laser cutters and so on.  Some of these are much more mature than others and they tend to have very different niches.  3d printing is important and growing, but its relative importance is way overhyped by the tech press - most of whom have probably never designed anything and taken it to a physical object.

__________

 

Recipe Corner

I'm hot on the trail of trying to sort out an Afghani lentil soup.  It would be nice if Gabe or Colleen was around - both of them are honest-to-gosh chefs with strong skills doing recipe reconstruction.  I'm on my forth try and am getting close.  It turns out sweet dried plums were a major clue and now I'm trying to sort out the rest.  So nothing new

In place of a real recipe here is a quick vegan burger of sorts that is very good and approximately healthy.

Rather than make a bean and quinoa based veggie burger, I often cheat and use a California Burger (A&P's Greenway label).  The other fake burgers from them as well as those from Morningstar and several others just don't do it for me, but this one has lots of produce in it and can be the base of something good.

A great bread can make a sandwich and for the bun I use a couple of pieces of a very dense Danish rugbrød or, in a pinch, a commercial dense rye or pumpernickel. The German brand Mestemacher is widely available and very good.  

Microwave two of the burgers, lightly toast two pieces of bread.  Pour on a bit of olive oil on the bread (I prefer it to butter -much more healthy).  Now go for the condiments you like.  I add layers of sliced raw red onion, roasted red peppers (do 'em yourself - much better and very cheap and easy), sliced pepperoncini or pepper rings, homemade catsup (Jeri mentioned a homemade catsup at one point and that got me started - so much better than what you get in the store!!), a bit of Maldon salt, ground pepper, sometimes a bit of mustard and some crushed walnuts (Tree nuts are very healthy - the right sort of fat and lots of nutrients.  Just don't overdo them as they happen to be little calorie bombs.)

Very messy and very good.  Quick and easy doesn't hurt either:-)